base64url_nopad

lib.rs (74085B)

---

 //! [![git]](https://git.philomathiclife.com/base64url_nopad/log.html) [![crates-io]](https://crates.io/crates/base64url_nopad) [![docs-rs]](crate)
 //!
 //! [git]: https://git.philomathiclife.com/git_badge.svg
 //! [crates-io]: https://img.shields.io/badge/crates.io-fc8d62?style=for-the-badge&labelColor=555555&logo=rust
 //! [docs-rs]: https://img.shields.io/badge/docs.rs-66c2a5?style=for-the-badge&labelColor=555555&logo=docs.rs
 //!
 //! `base64url_nopad` is a library for efficient and correct encoding and decoding of base64url without padding
 //! data. All functions that can be `const` are `const`. Great care is made to ensure _all_ arithmetic is free
 //! from "side effects" (e.g., overflow). `panic`s are avoided at all costs unless explicitly documented
 //! _including_ `panic`s related to memory allocations.
 //!
 //! ## `base64url_nopad` in action
 //!
 //! ```
 //! # use base64url_nopad::DecodeErr;
 //! /// Length of our input to encode.
 //! const INPUT_LEN: usize = 259;
 //! /// The base64url encoded value without padding of our input.
 //! const ENCODED_VAL: &str = "AAECAwQFBgcICQoLDA0ODxAREhMUFRYXGBkaGxwdHh8gISIjJCUmJygpKissLS4vMDEyMzQ1Njc4OTo7PD0-P0BBQkNERUZHSElKS0xNTk9QUVJTVFVWV1hZWltcXV5fYGFiY2RlZmdoaWprbG1ub3BxcnN0dXZ3eHl6e3x9fn-AgYKDhIWGh4iJiouMjY6PkJGSk5SVlpeYmZqbnJ2en6ChoqOkpaanqKmqq6ytrq-wsbKztLW2t7i5uru8vb6_wMHCw8TFxsfIycrLzM3Oz9DR0tPU1dbX2Nna29zd3t_g4eLj5OXm5-jp6uvs7e7v8PHy8_T19vf4-fr7_P3-_1MH0Q";
 //! let mut input = [0; INPUT_LEN];
 //! for i in 0..=255 {
 //!     input[usize::from(i)] = i;
 //! }
 //! input[256] = 83;
 //! input[257] = 7;
 //! input[258] = 209;
 //! let mut output = [0; base64url_nopad::encode_len(INPUT_LEN)];
 //! assert_eq!(base64url_nopad::encode_buffer(&input, &mut output), ENCODED_VAL);
 //! assert!(base64url_nopad::decode_len(output.len()).is_some_and(|len| len == INPUT_LEN));
 //! base64url_nopad::decode_buffer(ENCODED_VAL.as_bytes(), &mut output[..INPUT_LEN])?;
 //! assert_eq!(input, output[..INPUT_LEN]);
 //! # Ok::<_, DecodeErr>(())
 //! ```
 //!
 //! ## Cargo "features"
 //!
 //! ### `alloc`
 //!
 //! Enables support for memory allocations via [`alloc`].
 //!
 //! ## Correctness of code
 //!
 //! This library is written in a way that is free from any overflow, underflow, or other kinds of
 //! "arithmetic side effects". All functions that can `panic` are explicitly documented as such; and all
 //! possible `panic`s are isolated to convenience functions that `panic` instead of error. Strict encoding and
 //! decoding is performed; thus if an input contains _any_ invalid data, it is guaranteed to fail when decoding
 //! it (e.g., trailing non-zero bits).
 #![expect(
     clippy::doc_paragraphs_missing_punctuation,
     reason = "false positive for crate documentation having image links"
 )]
 #![cfg_attr(
     all(
         test,
         target_os = "macos",
         any(
             target_pointer_width = "16",
             target_pointer_width = "32",
             target_pointer_width = "64"
         )
     ),
     allow(
         linker_messages,
         reason = "getrandom produces a linker message on macos"
     )
 )]
 #![no_std]
 #![cfg_attr(docsrs, feature(doc_cfg))]
 #[cfg(any(doc, feature = "alloc"))]
 extern crate alloc;
 #[cfg(any(doc, feature = "alloc"))]
 use alloc::{collections::TryReserveError, string::String, vec::Vec};
 use core::{
     error::Error,
     fmt::{self, Display, Formatter, Write},
     mem,
 };
 /// `b'A'`.
 const UPPER_A: u8 = b'A';
 /// `b'B'`.
 const UPPER_B: u8 = b'B';
 /// `b'C'`.
 const UPPER_C: u8 = b'C';
 /// `b'D'`.
 const UPPER_D: u8 = b'D';
 /// `b'E'`.
 const UPPER_E: u8 = b'E';
 /// `b'F'`.
 const UPPER_F: u8 = b'F';
 /// `b'G'`.
 const UPPER_G: u8 = b'G';
 /// `b'H'`.
 const UPPER_H: u8 = b'H';
 /// `b'I'`.
 const UPPER_I: u8 = b'I';
 /// `b'J'`.
 const UPPER_J: u8 = b'J';
 /// `b'K'`.
 const UPPER_K: u8 = b'K';
 /// `b'L'`.
 const UPPER_L: u8 = b'L';
 /// `b'M'`.
 const UPPER_M: u8 = b'M';
 /// `b'N'`.
 const UPPER_N: u8 = b'N';
 /// `b'O'`.
 const UPPER_O: u8 = b'O';
 /// `b'P'`.
 const UPPER_P: u8 = b'P';
 /// `b'Q'`.
 const UPPER_Q: u8 = b'Q';
 /// `b'R'`.
 const UPPER_R: u8 = b'R';
 /// `b'S'`.
 const UPPER_S: u8 = b'S';
 /// `b'T'`.
 const UPPER_T: u8 = b'T';
 /// `b'U'`.
 const UPPER_U: u8 = b'U';
 /// `b'V'`.
 const UPPER_V: u8 = b'V';
 /// `b'W'`.
 const UPPER_W: u8 = b'W';
 /// `b'X'`.
 const UPPER_X: u8 = b'X';
 /// `b'Y'`.
 const UPPER_Y: u8 = b'Y';
 /// `b'Z'`.
 const UPPER_Z: u8 = b'Z';
 /// `b'a'`.
 const LOWER_A: u8 = b'a';
 /// `b'b'`.
 const LOWER_B: u8 = b'b';
 /// `b'c'`.
 const LOWER_C: u8 = b'c';
 /// `b'd'`.
 const LOWER_D: u8 = b'd';
 /// `b'e'`.
 const LOWER_E: u8 = b'e';
 /// `b'f'`.
 const LOWER_F: u8 = b'f';
 /// `b'g'`.
 const LOWER_G: u8 = b'g';
 /// `b'h'`.
 const LOWER_H: u8 = b'h';
 /// `b'i'`.
 const LOWER_I: u8 = b'i';
 /// `b'j'`.
 const LOWER_J: u8 = b'j';
 /// `b'k'`.
 const LOWER_K: u8 = b'k';
 /// `b'l'`.
 const LOWER_L: u8 = b'l';
 /// `b'm'`.
 const LOWER_M: u8 = b'm';
 /// `b'n'`.
 const LOWER_N: u8 = b'n';
 /// `b'o'`.
 const LOWER_O: u8 = b'o';
 /// `b'p'`.
 const LOWER_P: u8 = b'p';
 /// `b'q'`.
 const LOWER_Q: u8 = b'q';
 /// `b'r'`.
 const LOWER_R: u8 = b'r';
 /// `b's'`.
 const LOWER_S: u8 = b's';
 /// `b't'`.
 const LOWER_T: u8 = b't';
 /// `b'u'`.
 const LOWER_U: u8 = b'u';
 /// `b'v'`.
 const LOWER_V: u8 = b'v';
 /// `b'w'`.
 const LOWER_W: u8 = b'w';
 /// `b'x'`.
 const LOWER_X: u8 = b'x';
 /// `b'y'`.
 const LOWER_Y: u8 = b'y';
 /// `b'z'`.
 const LOWER_Z: u8 = b'z';
 /// `b'0'`.
 const ZERO: u8 = b'0';
 /// `b'1'`.
 const ONE: u8 = b'1';
 /// `b'2'`.
 const TWO: u8 = b'2';
 /// `b'3'`.
 const THREE: u8 = b'3';
 /// `b'4'`.
 const FOUR: u8 = b'4';
 /// `b'5'`.
 const FIVE: u8 = b'5';
 /// `b'6'`.
 const SIX: u8 = b'6';
 /// `b'7'`.
 const SEVEN: u8 = b'7';
 /// `b'8'`.
 const EIGHT: u8 = b'8';
 /// `b'9'`.
 const NINE: u8 = b'9';
 /// `b'-'`.
 const HYPHEN: u8 = b'-';
 /// `b'_'`.
 const UNDERSCORE: u8 = b'_';
 /// `'A'`.
 const UPPER_A_CHAR: char = 'A';
 /// `'B'`.
 const UPPER_B_CHAR: char = 'B';
 /// `'C'`.
 const UPPER_C_CHAR: char = 'C';
 /// `'D'`.
 const UPPER_D_CHAR: char = 'D';
 /// `'E'`.
 const UPPER_E_CHAR: char = 'E';
 /// `'F'`.
 const UPPER_F_CHAR: char = 'F';
 /// `'G'`.
 const UPPER_G_CHAR: char = 'G';
 /// `'H'`.
 const UPPER_H_CHAR: char = 'H';
 /// `'I'`.
 const UPPER_I_CHAR: char = 'I';
 /// `'J'`.
 const UPPER_J_CHAR: char = 'J';
 /// `'K'`.
 const UPPER_K_CHAR: char = 'K';
 /// `'L'`.
 const UPPER_L_CHAR: char = 'L';
 /// `'M'`.
 const UPPER_M_CHAR: char = 'M';
 /// `'N'`.
 const UPPER_N_CHAR: char = 'N';
 /// `'O'`.
 const UPPER_O_CHAR: char = 'O';
 /// `'P'`.
 const UPPER_P_CHAR: char = 'P';
 /// `'Q'`.
 const UPPER_Q_CHAR: char = 'Q';
 /// `'R'`.
 const UPPER_R_CHAR: char = 'R';
 /// `'S'`.
 const UPPER_S_CHAR: char = 'S';
 /// `'T'`.
 const UPPER_T_CHAR: char = 'T';
 /// `'U'`.
 const UPPER_U_CHAR: char = 'U';
 /// `'V'`.
 const UPPER_V_CHAR: char = 'V';
 /// `'W'`.
 const UPPER_W_CHAR: char = 'W';
 /// `'X'`.
 const UPPER_X_CHAR: char = 'X';
 /// `'Y'`.
 const UPPER_Y_CHAR: char = 'Y';
 /// `'Z'`.
 const UPPER_Z_CHAR: char = 'Z';
 /// `'a'`.
 const LOWER_A_CHAR: char = 'a';
 /// `'b'`.
 const LOWER_B_CHAR: char = 'b';
 /// `'c'`.
 const LOWER_C_CHAR: char = 'c';
 /// `'d'`.
 const LOWER_D_CHAR: char = 'd';
 /// `'e'`.
 const LOWER_E_CHAR: char = 'e';
 /// `'f'`.
 const LOWER_F_CHAR: char = 'f';
 /// `'g'`.
 const LOWER_G_CHAR: char = 'g';
 /// `'h'`.
 const LOWER_H_CHAR: char = 'h';
 /// `'i'`.
 const LOWER_I_CHAR: char = 'i';
 /// `'j'`.
 const LOWER_J_CHAR: char = 'j';
 /// `'k'`.
 const LOWER_K_CHAR: char = 'k';
 /// `'l'`.
 const LOWER_L_CHAR: char = 'l';
 /// `'m'`.
 const LOWER_M_CHAR: char = 'm';
 /// `'n'`.
 const LOWER_N_CHAR: char = 'n';
 /// `'o'`.
 const LOWER_O_CHAR: char = 'o';
 /// `'p'`.
 const LOWER_P_CHAR: char = 'p';
 /// `'q'`.
 const LOWER_Q_CHAR: char = 'q';
 /// `'r'`.
 const LOWER_R_CHAR: char = 'r';
 /// `'s'`.
 const LOWER_S_CHAR: char = 's';
 /// `'t'`.
 const LOWER_T_CHAR: char = 't';
 /// `'u'`.
 const LOWER_U_CHAR: char = 'u';
 /// `'v'`.
 const LOWER_V_CHAR: char = 'v';
 /// `'w'`.
 const LOWER_W_CHAR: char = 'w';
 /// `'x'`.
 const LOWER_X_CHAR: char = 'x';
 /// `'y'`.
 const LOWER_Y_CHAR: char = 'y';
 /// `'z'`.
 const LOWER_Z_CHAR: char = 'z';
 /// `'0'`.
 const ZERO_CHAR: char = '0';
 /// `'1'`.
 const ONE_CHAR: char = '1';
 /// `'2'`.
 const TWO_CHAR: char = '2';
 /// `'3'`.
 const THREE_CHAR: char = '3';
 /// `'4'`.
 const FOUR_CHAR: char = '4';
 /// `'5'`.
 const FIVE_CHAR: char = '5';
 /// `'6'`.
 const SIX_CHAR: char = '6';
 /// `'7'`.
 const SEVEN_CHAR: char = '7';
 /// `'8'`.
 const EIGHT_CHAR: char = '8';
 /// `'9'`.
 const NINE_CHAR: char = '9';
 /// `'-'`.
 const HYPHEN_CHAR: char = '-';
 /// `'_'`.
 const UNDERSCORE_CHAR: char = '_';
 /// The base64url alphabet.
 #[expect(
     non_camel_case_types,
     reason = "want to use a variant as close to what the value is"
 )]
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, Eq, Hash, PartialEq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 #[repr(u8)]
 pub enum Alphabet {
     /// A.
     #[default]
     A,
     /// B.
     B,
     /// C.
     C,
     /// D.
     D,
     /// E.
     E,
     /// F.
     F,
     /// G.
     G,
     /// H.
     H,
     /// I.
     I,
     /// J.
     J,
     /// K.
     K,
     /// L.
     L,
     /// M.
     M,
     /// N.
     N,
     /// O.
     O,
     /// P.
     P,
     /// Q.
     Q,
     /// R.
     R,
     /// S.
     S,
     /// T.
     T,
     /// U.
     U,
     /// V.
     V,
     /// W.
     W,
     /// X.
     X,
     /// Y.
     Y,
     /// Z.
     Z,
     /// a.
     a,
     /// b.
     b,
     /// c.
     c,
     /// d.
     d,
     /// e.
     e,
     /// f.
     f,
     /// g.
     g,
     /// h.
     h,
     /// i.
     i,
     /// j.
     j,
     /// k.
     k,
     /// l.
     l,
     /// m.
     m,
     /// n.
     n,
     /// o.
     o,
     /// p.
     p,
     /// q.
     q,
     /// r.
     r,
     /// s.
     s,
     /// t.
     t,
     /// u.
     u,
     /// v.
     v,
     /// w.
     w,
     /// x.
     x,
     /// y.
     y,
     /// z.
     z,
     /// 0.
     Zero,
     /// 1.
     One,
     /// 2.
     Two,
     /// 3.
     Three,
     /// 4.
     Four,
     /// 5.
     Five,
     /// 6.
     Six,
     /// 7.
     Seven,
     /// 8.
     Eight,
     /// 9.
     Nine,
     /// -.
     Hyphen,
     /// _.
     Underscore,
 }
 impl Alphabet {
     /// Returns `Self` that corresponds to `b`.
     ///
     /// `Some` is returned iff `b` is in `0..=63`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// # use base64url_nopad::Alphabet;
     /// assert!(Alphabet::from_u8(25).is_some_and(|val| val == Alphabet::Z));
     /// for i in 0..=63 {
     ///     assert!(Alphabet::from_u8(i).is_some());
     /// }
     /// for i in 64..=255 {
     ///     assert!(Alphabet::from_u8(i).is_none());
     /// }
     /// ```
     #[expect(unsafe_code, reason = "comment justifies correctness")]
     #[expect(clippy::as_conversions, reason = "comment justifies correctness")]
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub const fn from_u8(b: u8) -> Option<Self> {
         // `Self` is `repr(u8)` and all `u8`s are valid from 0 until the maximum value
         // represented by `Self::Underscore`.
         if b <= Self::Underscore as u8 {
             // SAFETY:
             // Just checked that `b` is in-range
             Some(unsafe { Self::from_u8_unchecked(b) })
         } else {
             None
         }
     }
     /// # Safety:
     ///
     /// `b` must be in `0..=63`, or else this is UB.
     #[expect(unsafe_code, reason = "comment justifies correctness")]
     const unsafe fn from_u8_unchecked(b: u8) -> Self {
         // SAFETY:
         // Our safety precondition is that `b` is in-range.
         unsafe { mem::transmute(b) }
     }
     /// Returns the `u8` `self` represents.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// # use base64url_nopad::Alphabet;
     /// assert_eq!(Alphabet::Hyphen.to_u8(), 62);
     /// assert_eq!(Alphabet::Eight.to_u8(), Alphabet::Eight as u8);
     /// ```
     #[expect(clippy::as_conversions, reason = "comment justifies correctness")]
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub const fn to_u8(self) -> u8 {
         // `Self` is `repr(u8)`; thus this is correct.
         self as u8
     }
     /// Returns the ASCII representation of `self`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// # use base64url_nopad::Alphabet;
     /// assert_eq!(Alphabet::c.to_ascii(), b'c');
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub const fn to_ascii(self) -> u8 {
         match self {
             Self::A => UPPER_A,
             Self::B => UPPER_B,
             Self::C => UPPER_C,
             Self::D => UPPER_D,
             Self::E => UPPER_E,
             Self::F => UPPER_F,
             Self::G => UPPER_G,
             Self::H => UPPER_H,
             Self::I => UPPER_I,
             Self::J => UPPER_J,
             Self::K => UPPER_K,
             Self::L => UPPER_L,
             Self::M => UPPER_M,
             Self::N => UPPER_N,
             Self::O => UPPER_O,
             Self::P => UPPER_P,
             Self::Q => UPPER_Q,
             Self::R => UPPER_R,
             Self::S => UPPER_S,
             Self::T => UPPER_T,
             Self::U => UPPER_U,
             Self::V => UPPER_V,
             Self::W => UPPER_W,
             Self::X => UPPER_X,
             Self::Y => UPPER_Y,
             Self::Z => UPPER_Z,
             Self::a => LOWER_A,
             Self::b => LOWER_B,
             Self::c => LOWER_C,
             Self::d => LOWER_D,
             Self::e => LOWER_E,
             Self::f => LOWER_F,
             Self::g => LOWER_G,
             Self::h => LOWER_H,
             Self::i => LOWER_I,
             Self::j => LOWER_J,
             Self::k => LOWER_K,
             Self::l => LOWER_L,
             Self::m => LOWER_M,
             Self::n => LOWER_N,
             Self::o => LOWER_O,
             Self::p => LOWER_P,
             Self::q => LOWER_Q,
             Self::r => LOWER_R,
             Self::s => LOWER_S,
             Self::t => LOWER_T,
             Self::u => LOWER_U,
             Self::v => LOWER_V,
             Self::w => LOWER_W,
             Self::x => LOWER_X,
             Self::y => LOWER_Y,
             Self::z => LOWER_Z,
             Self::Zero => ZERO,
             Self::One => ONE,
             Self::Two => TWO,
             Self::Three => THREE,
             Self::Four => FOUR,
             Self::Five => FIVE,
             Self::Six => SIX,
             Self::Seven => SEVEN,
             Self::Eight => EIGHT,
             Self::Nine => NINE,
             Self::Hyphen => HYPHEN,
             Self::Underscore => UNDERSCORE,
         }
     }
     /// Returns `Some` iff `ascii` is the ASCII representation of `Self`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// # use base64url_nopad::Alphabet;
     /// for i in 0u8..=255 {
     ///     if i.is_ascii_alphanumeric() || i == b'-' || i == b'_' {
     ///         assert!(Alphabet::from_ascii(i).is_some());
     ///     } else {
     ///         assert!(Alphabet::from_ascii(i).is_none());
     ///     }
     /// }
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub const fn from_ascii(ascii: u8) -> Option<Self> {
         match ascii {
             UPPER_A => Some(Self::A),
             UPPER_B => Some(Self::B),
             UPPER_C => Some(Self::C),
             UPPER_D => Some(Self::D),
             UPPER_E => Some(Self::E),
             UPPER_F => Some(Self::F),
             UPPER_G => Some(Self::G),
             UPPER_H => Some(Self::H),
             UPPER_I => Some(Self::I),
             UPPER_J => Some(Self::J),
             UPPER_K => Some(Self::K),
             UPPER_L => Some(Self::L),
             UPPER_M => Some(Self::M),
             UPPER_N => Some(Self::N),
             UPPER_O => Some(Self::O),
             UPPER_P => Some(Self::P),
             UPPER_Q => Some(Self::Q),
             UPPER_R => Some(Self::R),
             UPPER_S => Some(Self::S),
             UPPER_T => Some(Self::T),
             UPPER_U => Some(Self::U),
             UPPER_V => Some(Self::V),
             UPPER_W => Some(Self::W),
             UPPER_X => Some(Self::X),
             UPPER_Y => Some(Self::Y),
             UPPER_Z => Some(Self::Z),
             LOWER_A => Some(Self::a),
             LOWER_B => Some(Self::b),
             LOWER_C => Some(Self::c),
             LOWER_D => Some(Self::d),
             LOWER_E => Some(Self::e),
             LOWER_F => Some(Self::f),
             LOWER_G => Some(Self::g),
             LOWER_H => Some(Self::h),
             LOWER_I => Some(Self::i),
             LOWER_J => Some(Self::j),
             LOWER_K => Some(Self::k),
             LOWER_L => Some(Self::l),
             LOWER_M => Some(Self::m),
             LOWER_N => Some(Self::n),
             LOWER_O => Some(Self::o),
             LOWER_P => Some(Self::p),
             LOWER_Q => Some(Self::q),
             LOWER_R => Some(Self::r),
             LOWER_S => Some(Self::s),
             LOWER_T => Some(Self::t),
             LOWER_U => Some(Self::u),
             LOWER_V => Some(Self::v),
             LOWER_W => Some(Self::w),
             LOWER_X => Some(Self::x),
             LOWER_Y => Some(Self::y),
             LOWER_Z => Some(Self::z),
             ZERO => Some(Self::Zero),
             ONE => Some(Self::One),
             TWO => Some(Self::Two),
             THREE => Some(Self::Three),
             FOUR => Some(Self::Four),
             FIVE => Some(Self::Five),
             SIX => Some(Self::Six),
             SEVEN => Some(Self::Seven),
             EIGHT => Some(Self::Eight),
             NINE => Some(Self::Nine),
             HYPHEN => Some(Self::Hyphen),
             UNDERSCORE => Some(Self::Underscore),
             _ => None,
         }
     }
     /// Same as [`Self::to_ascii`] except a `char` is returned.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// # use base64url_nopad::Alphabet;
     /// assert_eq!(Alphabet::J.to_char(), 'J');
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub const fn to_char(self) -> char {
         match self {
             Self::A => UPPER_A_CHAR,
             Self::B => UPPER_B_CHAR,
             Self::C => UPPER_C_CHAR,
             Self::D => UPPER_D_CHAR,
             Self::E => UPPER_E_CHAR,
             Self::F => UPPER_F_CHAR,
             Self::G => UPPER_G_CHAR,
             Self::H => UPPER_H_CHAR,
             Self::I => UPPER_I_CHAR,
             Self::J => UPPER_J_CHAR,
             Self::K => UPPER_K_CHAR,
             Self::L => UPPER_L_CHAR,
             Self::M => UPPER_M_CHAR,
             Self::N => UPPER_N_CHAR,
             Self::O => UPPER_O_CHAR,
             Self::P => UPPER_P_CHAR,
             Self::Q => UPPER_Q_CHAR,
             Self::R => UPPER_R_CHAR,
             Self::S => UPPER_S_CHAR,
             Self::T => UPPER_T_CHAR,
             Self::U => UPPER_U_CHAR,
             Self::V => UPPER_V_CHAR,
             Self::W => UPPER_W_CHAR,
             Self::X => UPPER_X_CHAR,
             Self::Y => UPPER_Y_CHAR,
             Self::Z => UPPER_Z_CHAR,
             Self::a => LOWER_A_CHAR,
             Self::b => LOWER_B_CHAR,
             Self::c => LOWER_C_CHAR,
             Self::d => LOWER_D_CHAR,
             Self::e => LOWER_E_CHAR,
             Self::f => LOWER_F_CHAR,
             Self::g => LOWER_G_CHAR,
             Self::h => LOWER_H_CHAR,
             Self::i => LOWER_I_CHAR,
             Self::j => LOWER_J_CHAR,
             Self::k => LOWER_K_CHAR,
             Self::l => LOWER_L_CHAR,
             Self::m => LOWER_M_CHAR,
             Self::n => LOWER_N_CHAR,
             Self::o => LOWER_O_CHAR,
             Self::p => LOWER_P_CHAR,
             Self::q => LOWER_Q_CHAR,
             Self::r => LOWER_R_CHAR,
             Self::s => LOWER_S_CHAR,
             Self::t => LOWER_T_CHAR,
             Self::u => LOWER_U_CHAR,
             Self::v => LOWER_V_CHAR,
             Self::w => LOWER_W_CHAR,
             Self::x => LOWER_X_CHAR,
             Self::y => LOWER_Y_CHAR,
             Self::z => LOWER_Z_CHAR,
             Self::Zero => ZERO_CHAR,
             Self::One => ONE_CHAR,
             Self::Two => TWO_CHAR,
             Self::Three => THREE_CHAR,
             Self::Four => FOUR_CHAR,
             Self::Five => FIVE_CHAR,
             Self::Six => SIX_CHAR,
             Self::Seven => SEVEN_CHAR,
             Self::Eight => EIGHT_CHAR,
             Self::Nine => NINE_CHAR,
             Self::Hyphen => HYPHEN_CHAR,
             Self::Underscore => UNDERSCORE_CHAR,
         }
     }
     /// Same as [`Self::from_ascii`] except the input is a `char`.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```
     /// # use base64url_nopad::Alphabet;
     /// for i in char::MIN..=char::MAX {
     ///     if i.is_ascii_alphanumeric() || i == '-' || i == '_' {
     ///         assert!(Alphabet::from_char(i).is_some());
     ///     } else {
     ///         assert!(Alphabet::from_char(i).is_none());
     ///     }
     /// }
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub const fn from_char(c: char) -> Option<Self> {
         match c {
             UPPER_A_CHAR => Some(Self::A),
             UPPER_B_CHAR => Some(Self::B),
             UPPER_C_CHAR => Some(Self::C),
             UPPER_D_CHAR => Some(Self::D),
             UPPER_E_CHAR => Some(Self::E),
             UPPER_F_CHAR => Some(Self::F),
             UPPER_G_CHAR => Some(Self::G),
             UPPER_H_CHAR => Some(Self::H),
             UPPER_I_CHAR => Some(Self::I),
             UPPER_J_CHAR => Some(Self::J),
             UPPER_K_CHAR => Some(Self::K),
             UPPER_L_CHAR => Some(Self::L),
             UPPER_M_CHAR => Some(Self::M),
             UPPER_N_CHAR => Some(Self::N),
             UPPER_O_CHAR => Some(Self::O),
             UPPER_P_CHAR => Some(Self::P),
             UPPER_Q_CHAR => Some(Self::Q),
             UPPER_R_CHAR => Some(Self::R),
             UPPER_S_CHAR => Some(Self::S),
             UPPER_T_CHAR => Some(Self::T),
             UPPER_U_CHAR => Some(Self::U),
             UPPER_V_CHAR => Some(Self::V),
             UPPER_W_CHAR => Some(Self::W),
             UPPER_X_CHAR => Some(Self::X),
             UPPER_Y_CHAR => Some(Self::Y),
             UPPER_Z_CHAR => Some(Self::Z),
             LOWER_A_CHAR => Some(Self::a),
             LOWER_B_CHAR => Some(Self::b),
             LOWER_C_CHAR => Some(Self::c),
             LOWER_D_CHAR => Some(Self::d),
             LOWER_E_CHAR => Some(Self::e),
             LOWER_F_CHAR => Some(Self::f),
             LOWER_G_CHAR => Some(Self::g),
             LOWER_H_CHAR => Some(Self::h),
             LOWER_I_CHAR => Some(Self::i),
             LOWER_J_CHAR => Some(Self::j),
             LOWER_K_CHAR => Some(Self::k),
             LOWER_L_CHAR => Some(Self::l),
             LOWER_M_CHAR => Some(Self::m),
             LOWER_N_CHAR => Some(Self::n),
             LOWER_O_CHAR => Some(Self::o),
             LOWER_P_CHAR => Some(Self::p),
             LOWER_Q_CHAR => Some(Self::q),
             LOWER_R_CHAR => Some(Self::r),
             LOWER_S_CHAR => Some(Self::s),
             LOWER_T_CHAR => Some(Self::t),
             LOWER_U_CHAR => Some(Self::u),
             LOWER_V_CHAR => Some(Self::v),
             LOWER_W_CHAR => Some(Self::w),
             LOWER_X_CHAR => Some(Self::x),
             LOWER_Y_CHAR => Some(Self::y),
             LOWER_Z_CHAR => Some(Self::z),
             ZERO_CHAR => Some(Self::Zero),
             ONE_CHAR => Some(Self::One),
             TWO_CHAR => Some(Self::Two),
             THREE_CHAR => Some(Self::Three),
             FOUR_CHAR => Some(Self::Four),
             FIVE_CHAR => Some(Self::Five),
             SIX_CHAR => Some(Self::Six),
             SEVEN_CHAR => Some(Self::Seven),
             EIGHT_CHAR => Some(Self::Eight),
             NINE_CHAR => Some(Self::Nine),
             HYPHEN_CHAR => Some(Self::Hyphen),
             UNDERSCORE_CHAR => Some(Self::Underscore),
             _ => None,
         }
     }
 }
 impl Display for Alphabet {
     #[inline]
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         f.write_char(self.to_char())
     }
 }
 impl From<Alphabet> for u8 {
     #[inline]
     fn from(value: Alphabet) -> Self {
         value.to_u8()
     }
 }
 impl From<Alphabet> for u16 {
     #[inline]
     fn from(value: Alphabet) -> Self {
         Self::from(value.to_u8())
     }
 }
 impl From<Alphabet> for u32 {
     #[inline]
     fn from(value: Alphabet) -> Self {
         Self::from(value.to_u8())
     }
 }
 impl From<Alphabet> for u64 {
     #[inline]
     fn from(value: Alphabet) -> Self {
         Self::from(value.to_u8())
     }
 }
 impl From<Alphabet> for u128 {
     #[inline]
     fn from(value: Alphabet) -> Self {
         Self::from(value.to_u8())
     }
 }
 impl From<Alphabet> for char {
     #[inline]
     fn from(value: Alphabet) -> Self {
         value.to_char()
     }
 }
 /// Ordinal numbers from first to third inclusively.
 enum ThreeOrdinal {
     /// First.
     First,
     /// Second.
     Second,
     /// Third.
     Third,
 }
 /// The maximum value [`encode_len_checked`] will accept before returning `None`.
 // This won't `panic` since `usize::MAX` ≢ 1 (mod 4).
 pub const MAX_ENCODE_INPUT_LEN: usize = decode_len(usize::MAX).unwrap();
 /// Returns the exact number of bytes needed to encode an input of length `input_length`.
 ///
 /// `Some` is returned iff the length needed does not exceed [`usize::MAX`].
 ///
 /// Note since Rust guarantees all memory allocations don't exceed [`isize::MAX`] bytes, then one can
 /// instead call [`encode_len`] when the argument passed corresponds to the length of an allocation since
 /// `isize::MAX <` [`MAX_ENCODE_INPUT_LEN`].
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```
 /// # use base64url_nopad::MAX_ENCODE_INPUT_LEN;
 /// assert!(base64url_nopad::encode_len_checked(usize::MAX).is_none());
 /// assert!(base64url_nopad::encode_len_checked(MAX_ENCODE_INPUT_LEN + 1).is_none());
 /// assert!(base64url_nopad::encode_len_checked(MAX_ENCODE_INPUT_LEN).is_some_and(|len| len == usize::MAX));
 /// assert!(base64url_nopad::encode_len_checked(3).is_some_and(|len| len == 4));
 /// assert!(base64url_nopad::encode_len_checked(2).is_some_and(|len| len == 3));
 /// assert!(base64url_nopad::encode_len_checked(1).is_some_and(|len| len == 2));
 /// assert!(base64url_nopad::encode_len_checked(0).is_some_and(|len| len == 0));
 /// ```
 #[expect(
     clippy::arithmetic_side_effects,
     clippy::integer_division,
     clippy::integer_division_remainder_used,
     reason = "proof and comment justifies their correctness"
 )]
 #[inline]
 #[must_use]
 pub const fn encode_len_checked(input_length: usize) -> Option<usize> {
     // 256^n is the number of distinct values of the input. Let the base64 encoding in a URL safe
     // way without padding of the input be O. There are 64 possible values each byte in O can be; thus we must find
     // the minimum nonnegative integer m such that:
     // 64^m = (2^6)^m = 2^(6m) >= 256^n = (2^8)^n = 2^(8n)
     // <==>
     // lg(2^(6m)) = 6m >= lg(2^(8n)) = 8n   lg is defined on all positive reals which 2^(6m) and 2^(8n) are
     // <==>
     // m >= 8n/6 = 4n/3
     // Clearly that corresponds to m = ⌈4n/3⌉.
     // We claim ⌈4n/3⌉ = 4⌊n/3⌋ + ⌈4(n mod 3)/3⌉.
     // Proof:
     // There are three partitions for n:
     // (1) 3i = n ≡ 0 (mod 3) for some integer i
     //   <==>
     //   ⌈4n/3⌉ = ⌈4(3i)/3⌉ = ⌈4i⌉ = 4i = 4⌊i⌋ = 4⌊3i/3⌋ = 4⌊n/3⌋ + 0 = 4⌊n/3⌋ + ⌈4(0)/3⌉ = 4⌊n/3⌋ + ⌈4(n mod 3)/3⌉
     // (2) 3i + 1 = n ≡ 1 (mod 3) for some integer i
     //   <==>
     //   ⌈4n/3⌉ = ⌈4(3i + 1)/3⌉ = ⌈4i + 4/3⌉ = 4i + ⌈4/3⌉ = 4i + 2 = 4⌊i + 1/3⌋ + ⌈4(1)/3⌉
     //                                                             = 4⌊(3i + 1)/3⌋ + ⌈4((3i + 1) mod 3)/3⌉
     //                                                             = 4⌊n/3⌋ + ⌈4(n mod 3)/3⌉
     // (3) 3i + 2 = n ≡ 2 (mod 3) for some integer i
     //   <==>
     //   ⌈4n/3⌉ = ⌈4(3i + 2)/3⌉ = ⌈4i + 8/3⌉ = 4i + ⌈8/3⌉ = 4i + 3 = 4⌊i + 2/3⌋ + ⌈4(2)/3⌉
     //                                                             = 4⌊(3i + 2)/3⌋ + ⌈4((3i + 2) mod 3)/3⌉
     //                                                             = 4⌊n/3⌋ + ⌈4(n mod 3)/3⌉
     // QED
     // Proof of no overflow:
     // `MAX_ENCODE_INPUT_LEN` = decode_len(usize::MAX).unwrap(); thus all values less than or equal to
     // `MAX_ENCODE_INPUT_LEN` won't overflow ignoring intermediate calcuations since ⌈4n/3⌉ is a
     // monotonically increasing function.
     // QED
     // Naively implementing ⌈4n/3⌉ as (4 * n).div_ceil(3) can cause overflow due to `4 * n`; thus
     // we implement the equivalent equation 4⌊n/3⌋ + ⌈4(n mod 3)/3⌉ instead:
     // `(4 * (n / 3)) + (4 * (n % 3)).div_ceil(3)` since none of the intermediate calculations suffer
     // from overflow.
     if input_length <= MAX_ENCODE_INPUT_LEN {
         // (n / 3) << 2u8 <= m <= usize::MAX; thus the left operand of + is fine.
         // n % 3 <= 2
         // <==>
         // 4(n % 3) <= 8 < usize::MAX; thus (n % 3) << 2u8 is fine.
         // <==>
         // ⌈4(n % 3)/3⌉ <= 4(n % 3), so the right operand of + is fine.
         // The sum is fine since
         // m = ⌈4n/3⌉ = 4⌊n/3⌋ + ⌈4(n mod 3)/3⌉ = ((n / 3) << 2u8) + ((n % 3) << 2u8).div_ceil(3), and m <= usize::MAX.
         Some(((input_length / 3) << 2u8) + ((input_length % 3) << 2u8).div_ceil(3))
     } else {
         None
     }
 }
 /// Same as [`encode_len_checked`] except a `panic` occurs instead of `None` being returned.
 ///
 /// One should prefer this function over `encode_len_checked` when passing the length of a memory allocation
 /// since such a length is guaranteed to succeed.
 ///
 /// # Panics
 ///
 /// `panic`s iff [`encode_len_checked`] returns `None`.
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```
 /// # use base64url_nopad::MAX_ENCODE_INPUT_LEN;
 /// // Uncommenting below will cause a `panic`.
 /// // base64url_nopad::encode_len(usize::MAX - 4);
 /// // Uncommenting below will cause a `panic`.
 /// // base64url_nopad::encode_len(MAX_ENCODE_INPUT_LEN + 1);
 /// assert_eq!(base64url_nopad::encode_len(MAX_ENCODE_INPUT_LEN), usize::MAX);
 /// assert!(base64url_nopad::encode_len(isize::MAX as usize) > isize::MAX as usize);
 /// assert_eq!(base64url_nopad::encode_len(3), 4);
 /// assert_eq!(base64url_nopad::encode_len(2), 3);
 /// assert_eq!(base64url_nopad::encode_len(1), 2);
 /// assert_eq!(base64url_nopad::encode_len(0), 0);
 /// ```
 #[expect(clippy::unwrap_used, reason = "comment justifies correctness")]
 #[inline]
 #[must_use]
 pub const fn encode_len(input_length: usize) -> usize {
     // A precondition for calling this function is to ensure `encode_len_checked` can't return `None`.
     encode_len_checked(input_length).unwrap()
 }
 /// Encodes `input` into `output` re-interpreting the encoded subset of `output` as a `str` before returning it.
 ///
 /// `Some` is returned iff `output.len()` is large enough to write the encoded data into.
 ///
 /// Note since Rust guarantees all memory allocations don't exceed [`isize::MAX`] bytes, one can
 /// instead call [`encode_buffer`] using a buffer whose length is at least as large as the value returned from
 /// [`encode_len`] without fear of a `panic` and the benefit of getting a `str` instead of an `Option`.
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```
 /// assert!(
 ///     base64url_nopad::encode_buffer_checked([0; 0].as_slice(), [0; 0].as_mut_slice()).is_some_and(|val| val.is_empty())
 /// );
 /// assert!(
 ///     base64url_nopad::encode_buffer_checked([0; 1].as_slice(), [0; 2].as_mut_slice()).is_some_and(|val| val == "AA")
 /// );
 /// // A larger output buffer than necessary is OK.
 /// assert!(
 ///     base64url_nopad::encode_buffer_checked([1; 1].as_slice(), [0; 128].as_mut_slice()).is_some_and(|val| val == "AQ")
 /// );
 /// assert!(
 ///     base64url_nopad::encode_buffer_checked(
 ///         [0xc9; 14].as_slice(),
 ///         [0; base64url_nopad::encode_len(14)].as_mut_slice()
 ///     ).is_some_and(|val| val == "ycnJycnJycnJycnJyck")
 /// );
 /// assert!(base64url_nopad::encode_buffer_checked([0; 1].as_slice(), [0; 1].as_mut_slice()).is_none());
 /// ```
 #[expect(unsafe_code, reason = "comments justify correctness")]
 #[expect(
     clippy::arithmetic_side_effects,
     clippy::indexing_slicing,
     reason = "comments justify correctness"
 )]
 #[inline]
 pub const fn encode_buffer_checked<'a>(
     mut input: &[u8],
     output: &'a mut [u8],
 ) -> Option<&'a mut str> {
     // This won't `panic` since Rust guarantees that all memory allocations won't exceed `isize::MAX`.
     let final_len = encode_len(input.len());
     if output.len() >= final_len {
         // We increment this by `1` for each `u8` in `input`. On every third `u8`, we increment it an extra
         // time since we use 4 base64url `u8`s for each `u8`.
         // We also verified that `output.len()` large enough; thus all indexing operations
         // using it are correct, and incrementing it never results in overflow.
         let mut output_idx = 0;
         let mut counter = ThreeOrdinal::First;
         let mut trailing = 0;
         let mut shift;
         while let [first, ref rest @ ..] = *input {
             match counter {
                 ThreeOrdinal::First => {
                     // We trim the last two bits and interpret `first` as a 6-bit integer.
                     shift = first >> 2;
                     // SAFETY:
                     // `shift <= 63` since we shifted at least two bits to the right.
                     output[output_idx] = unsafe { Alphabet::from_u8_unchecked(shift) }.to_ascii();
                     // The two bits we trimmed are the first two bits of the next 6-bit integer.
                     trailing = (first & 3) << 4;
                     counter = ThreeOrdinal::Second;
                 }
                 ThreeOrdinal::Second => {
                     // We trim the last four bits and interpret `first` as a 6-bit integer.
                     // The first two bits are the trailing 2 bits from the previous value.
                     shift = trailing | (first >> 4);
                     // SAFETY:
                     // `shift <= 63` since `first` was shifted at least two bits to the right, and
                     // `trailing = (first & 3) << 4` which means its high two bits are 0 as well.
                     output[output_idx] = unsafe { Alphabet::from_u8_unchecked(shift) }.to_ascii();
                     // The four bits we trimmed are the first four bits of the next 6-bit integer.
                     trailing = (first & 15) << 2;
                     counter = ThreeOrdinal::Third;
                 }
                 ThreeOrdinal::Third => {
                     // We trim the last six bits and interpret `first` as a 6-bit integer.
                     // The first four bits are the trailing 4 bits from the previous value.
                     shift = trailing | (first >> 6);
                     // SAFETY:
                     // `shift <= 63` since `first` was shifted at least two bits to the right, and
                     // `trailing = (first & 15) << 2` which means its high two bits are 0 as well.
                     output[output_idx] = unsafe { Alphabet::from_u8_unchecked(shift) }.to_ascii();
                     // Every third `u8` corresponds to a fourth base64url `u8`.
                     output_idx += 1;
                     // We use the 6 bits we just trimmed.
                     shift = first & 63;
                     // SAFETY:
                     // `shift <= 63` since `first & 63` is.
                     output[output_idx] = unsafe { Alphabet::from_u8_unchecked(shift) }.to_ascii();
                     counter = ThreeOrdinal::First;
                 }
             }
             input = rest;
             output_idx += 1;
         }
         if !matches!(counter, ThreeOrdinal::First) {
             // `input.len()` is not a multiple of 3; thus we have to append a trailing base64url `u8` that
             // is simply the current value of `trailing`.
             // SAFETY:
             // `trailing <= 63` since `trailing` is either `(first & 3) << 4` or `(first & 15) << 2` where
             // `first` is any `u8`. This means the high two bits are guaranteed to be 0.
             output[output_idx] = unsafe { Alphabet::from_u8_unchecked(trailing) }.to_ascii();
         }
         // SAFETY:
         // We verified `output.len() >= final_len`.
         let val = unsafe { output.split_at_mut_unchecked(final_len) }.0;
         // SAFETY:
         // `val` has the exact length needed to encode `input`, and all of the `u8`s in it
         // are from `Alphabet::to_ascii` which is a subset of UTF-8; thus this is safe.
         // Note the above is vacuously true when `val` is empty.
         Some(unsafe { str::from_utf8_unchecked_mut(val) })
     } else {
         None
     }
 }
 /// Same as [`encode_buffer_checked`] except a `panic` occurs instead of `None` being returned.
 ///
 /// # Panics
 ///
 /// `panic`s iff [`encode_buffer_checked`] returns `None` (i.e., the length of the output buffer is too small).
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```
 /// assert_eq!(
 ///     base64url_nopad::encode_buffer([0; 0].as_slice(), [0; 0].as_mut_slice()),
 ///     ""
 /// );
 /// assert_eq!(
 ///     base64url_nopad::encode_buffer([0; 1].as_slice(), [0; 2].as_mut_slice()),
 ///     "AA"
 /// );
 /// // A larger output buffer than necessary is OK.
 /// assert_eq!(
 ///     base64url_nopad::encode_buffer([255; 1].as_slice(), [0; 256].as_mut_slice()),
 ///     "_w"
 /// );
 /// assert_eq!(
 ///     base64url_nopad::encode_buffer(
 ///         [0xc9; 14].as_slice(),
 ///         [0; base64url_nopad::encode_len(14)].as_mut_slice()
 ///     ),
 ///     "ycnJycnJycnJycnJyck"
 /// );
 /// // The below will `panic` when uncommented since the supplied output buffer is too small.
 /// // _ = base64url_nopad::encode_buffer([0; 1].as_slice(), [0; 1].as_mut_slice());
 /// ```
 #[expect(clippy::unwrap_used, reason = "comment justifies correctness")]
 #[inline]
 pub const fn encode_buffer<'a>(input: &[u8], output: &'a mut [u8]) -> &'a mut str {
     // A precondition for calling this function is to ensure `encode_buffer_checked` can't return `None`.
     encode_buffer_checked(input, output).unwrap()
 }
 /// Similar to [`encode_buffer`] except a `String` is returned instead using its buffer to write to.
 ///
 /// # Errors
 ///
 /// Errors iff an error occurs from allocating the capacity needed to contain the encoded data.
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```
 /// # extern crate alloc;
 /// # use alloc::collections::TryReserveError;
 /// assert_eq!(
 ///     base64url_nopad::try_encode([0; 0].as_slice())?,
 ///     ""
 /// );
 /// assert_eq!(
 ///     base64url_nopad::try_encode([0; 1].as_slice())?,
 ///     "AA"
 /// );
 /// assert_eq!(
 ///     base64url_nopad::try_encode([128, 40, 3].as_slice())?,
 ///     "gCgD"
 /// );
 /// assert_eq!(
 ///     base64url_nopad::try_encode([0x7b; 22].as_slice())?,
 ///     "e3t7e3t7e3t7e3t7e3t7e3t7e3t7ew"
 /// );
 /// # Ok::<_, TryReserveError>(())
 /// ```
 #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
 #[expect(unsafe_code, reason = "comment justifies correctness")]
 #[inline]
 pub fn try_encode(input: &[u8]) -> Result<String, TryReserveError> {
     let mut output = Vec::new();
     // `encode_len` won't `panic` since Rust guarantees `input.len()` will not return a value greater
     // than `isize::MAX`.
     let len = encode_len(input.len());
     output.try_reserve_exact(len).map(|()| {
         output.resize(len, 0);
         _ = encode_buffer(input, output.as_mut_slice());
         // SAFETY:
         // `output` has the exact length needed to encode `input`, and all of the `u8`s in it
         // are from `Alphabet` which is a subset of UTF-8; thus this is safe.
         // Note the above is vacuously true when `output` is empty.
         unsafe { String::from_utf8_unchecked(output) }
     })
 }
 /// Same as [`try_encode`] except a `panic` occurs on allocation failure.
 ///
 /// # Panics
 ///
 /// `panic`s iff [`try_encode`] errors.
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```
 /// assert_eq!(
 ///     base64url_nopad::encode([0; 0].as_slice()),
 ///     ""
 /// );
 /// assert_eq!(
 ///     base64url_nopad::encode([0; 1].as_slice()),
 ///     "AA"
 /// );
 /// assert_eq!(
 ///     base64url_nopad::encode([128, 40, 3].as_slice()),
 ///     "gCgD"
 /// );
 /// assert_eq!(
 ///     base64url_nopad::encode([0x7b; 22].as_slice()),
 ///     "e3t7e3t7e3t7e3t7e3t7e3t7e3t7ew"
 /// );
 /// ```
 #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
 #[expect(
     clippy::unwrap_used,
     reason = "purpose of function is to panic on allocation failure"
 )]
 #[inline]
 #[must_use]
 pub fn encode(input: &[u8]) -> String {
     try_encode(input).unwrap()
 }
 /// Writes the base64url encoding of `input` using `writer`.
 ///
 /// Internally a buffer of at most 1024 bytes is used to write the encoded data. Smaller buffers may be used
 /// for small inputs.
 ///
 /// # Errors
 ///
 /// Errors iff [`Write::write_str`] does.
 ///
 /// # Panics
 ///
 /// `panic`s iff [`Write::write_str`] does.
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```
 /// # extern crate alloc;
 /// # use alloc::string::String;
 /// # use core::fmt::Error;
 /// let mut buffer = String::new();
 /// base64url_nopad::encode_write([0; 0].as_slice(), &mut buffer)?;
 /// assert_eq!(buffer, "");
 /// buffer.clear();
 /// base64url_nopad::encode_write([0; 1].as_slice(), &mut buffer)?;
 /// assert_eq!(buffer, "AA");
 /// buffer.clear();
 /// base64url_nopad::encode_write(
 ///     [0xc9; 14].as_slice(),
 ///     &mut buffer,
 /// )?;
 /// assert_eq!(buffer, "ycnJycnJycnJycnJyck");
 /// # Ok::<_, Error>(())
 /// ```
 #[expect(unsafe_code, reason = "comment justifies correctness")]
 #[expect(
     clippy::arithmetic_side_effects,
     clippy::as_conversions,
     clippy::indexing_slicing,
     reason = "comments justify correctness"
 )]
 #[inline]
 pub fn encode_write<W: Write>(mut input: &[u8], writer: &mut W) -> fmt::Result {
     /// The minimum buffer size we use.
     const MIN_BUFFER_LEN: usize = 256;
     /// The medium buffer size we use.
     const MID_BUFFER_LEN: usize = MIN_BUFFER_LEN << 1;
     /// The max buffer size.
     ///
     /// This must be at least 4, no more than `i16::MAX`, and must be a power of 2.
     const MAX_BUFFER_LEN: usize = MID_BUFFER_LEN << 1;
     /// The minimum length of the input until we must chunk encode the data.
     const LOOP_LEN: usize = MAX_BUFFER_LEN + 1;
     /// Want to ensure at compilation time that `MAX_BUFFER_LEN` upholds its invariants. Namely
     /// that it's at least as large as 4, doesn't exceed [`i16::MAX`], and is always a power of 2.
     const _: () = {
         // `i16::MAX <= usize::MAX`, so this is fine.
         /// `i16::MAX`.
         const MAX_LEN: usize = i16::MAX as usize;
         assert!(
             4 <= MAX_BUFFER_LEN && MAX_BUFFER_LEN < MAX_LEN && MAX_BUFFER_LEN.is_power_of_two(),
             "encode_write::MAX_BUFFER_LEN must be a power of two less than i16::MAX but at least as large as 4"
         );
     };
     /// The input size that corresponds to an encoded value of length `MAX_BUFFER_LEN`.
     // This will never `panic` since `MAX_BUFFER_LEN` is a power of two at least as large as 4
     // (i.e., `MAX_BUFFER_LEN` ≢ 1 (mod 4)).
     const INPUT_LEN: usize = decode_len(MAX_BUFFER_LEN).unwrap();
     // This won't `panic` since `input.len()` is guaranteed to be no more than `isize::MAX`.
     let len = encode_len(input.len());
     match len {
         0 => Ok(()),
         1..=MIN_BUFFER_LEN => {
             let mut buffer = [0; MIN_BUFFER_LEN];
             // `buffer.len() == MIN_BUFFER_LEN >= len`, so indexing is fine.
             // `encode_buffer` won't `panic` since `len` is the exact number of bytes needed to encode
             // the data.
             writer.write_str(encode_buffer(input, &mut buffer[..len]))
         }
         257..=MID_BUFFER_LEN => {
             let mut buffer = [0; MID_BUFFER_LEN];
             // `buffer.len() == MID_BUFFER_LEN >= len`, so indexing is fine.
             // `encode_buffer` won't `panic` since `len` is the exact number of bytes needed to encode
             // the data.
             writer.write_str(encode_buffer(input, &mut buffer[..len]))
         }
         513..=MAX_BUFFER_LEN => {
             let mut buffer = [0; MAX_BUFFER_LEN];
             // `buffer.len() == MAX_BUFFER_LEN >= len`, so indexing is fine.
             // `encode_buffer` won't `panic` since `len` is the exact number of bytes needed to encode
             // the data.
             writer.write_str(encode_buffer(input, &mut buffer[..len]))
         }
         LOOP_LEN.. => {
             let mut buffer = [0; MAX_BUFFER_LEN];
             let mut counter = 0;
             // `len / MAX_BUFFER_LEN` is equal to ⌊len / MAX_BUFFER_LEN⌋ since `MAX_BUFFER_LEN` is a power of two.
             // We can safely encode `term` chunks of `INPUT_LEN` length into `buffer`.
             let term = len >> MAX_BUFFER_LEN.trailing_zeros();
             let mut input_buffer;
             while counter < term {
                 // SAFETY:
                 // `input.len() >= INPUT_LEN`.
                 input_buffer = unsafe { input.split_at_unchecked(INPUT_LEN) };
                 // `encode_buffer` won't `panic` since `buffer` has length `MAX_BUFFER_LEN` which
                 // is the exact length needed for `INPUT_LEN` length inputs which `input_buffer.0` is.
                 writer.write_str(encode_buffer(input_buffer.0, buffer.as_mut_slice()))?;
                 input = input_buffer.1;
                 // `counter < term`, so overflow cannot happen.
                 counter += 1;
             }
             // `encode_len` won't `panic` since `input.len() < MAX_ENCODE_INPUT_LEN`.
             // `input.len() < INPUT_LEN`; thus `encode_len(input.len()) < MAX_BUFFER_LEN = buffer.len()` so
             // indexing is fine.
             // `encode_buffer` won't `panic` since the buffer is the exact length needed to encode `input`.
             writer.write_str(encode_buffer(input, &mut buffer[..encode_len(input.len())]))
         }
     }
 }
 /// Appends the base64url encoding of `input` to `s` returning the `str` that was appended.
 ///
 /// # Errors
 ///
 /// Errors iff an error occurs from allocating the capacity needed to append the encoded data.
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```
 /// # extern crate alloc;
 /// # use alloc::{collections::TryReserveError, string::String};
 /// let mut buffer = String::new();
 /// assert_eq!(
 ///     base64url_nopad::try_encode_append([0; 0].as_slice(), &mut buffer)?,
 ///     ""
 /// );
 /// assert_eq!(
 ///     base64url_nopad::try_encode_append([0; 1].as_slice(), &mut buffer)?,
 ///     "AA"
 /// );
 /// assert_eq!(
 ///     base64url_nopad::try_encode_append([128, 40, 3].as_slice(), &mut buffer)?,
 ///     "gCgD"
 /// );
 /// assert_eq!(buffer, "AAgCgD");
 /// assert_eq!(
 ///     base64url_nopad::try_encode_append([0x7b; 22].as_slice(), &mut buffer)?,
 ///     "e3t7e3t7e3t7e3t7e3t7e3t7e3t7ew"
 /// );
 /// assert_eq!(buffer, "AAgCgDe3t7e3t7e3t7e3t7e3t7e3t7e3t7ew");
 /// # Ok::<_, TryReserveError>(())
 /// ```
 #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
 #[expect(unsafe_code, reason = "comment justifies correctness")]
 #[expect(
     clippy::arithmetic_side_effects,
     clippy::indexing_slicing,
     reason = "comments justify correctness"
 )]
 #[inline]
 pub fn try_encode_append<'a>(
     input: &[u8],
     s: &'a mut String,
 ) -> Result<&'a mut str, TryReserveError> {
     // `encode_len` won't `panic` since Rust guarantees `input.len()` will return a value no larger
     // than `isize::MAX`.
     let additional_len = encode_len(input.len());
     s.try_reserve_exact(additional_len).map(|()| {
         // SAFETY:
         // We only append base64url ASCII which is a subset of UTF-8, so this will remain valid UTF-8.
         let utf8 = unsafe { s.as_mut_vec() };
         let original_len = utf8.len();
         // Overflow can't happen; otherwise `s.try_reserve_exact` would have erred.
         utf8.resize(original_len + additional_len, 0);
         // `utf8.len() >= original_len`, so indexing is fine.
         // `encode_buffer` won't `panic` since `utf8[original_len..]` has length `additional_len`
         // which is the exact number of bytes needed to encode `input`.
         encode_buffer(input, &mut utf8[original_len..])
     })
 }
 /// Same as [`try_encode_append`] except the encoded `str` is not returned.
 ///
 /// # Errors
 ///
 /// Errors iff [`try_encode_append`] does.
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```
 /// # extern crate alloc;
 /// # use alloc::{collections::TryReserveError, string::String};
 /// let mut buffer = String::new();
 /// base64url_nopad::try_encode_append_only([0; 0].as_slice(), &mut buffer)?;
 /// assert_eq!(buffer, "");
 /// base64url_nopad::try_encode_append_only([0; 1].as_slice(), &mut buffer)?;
 /// assert_eq!(buffer, "AA");
 /// base64url_nopad::try_encode_append_only([128, 40, 3].as_slice(), &mut buffer)?;
 /// assert_eq!(buffer, "AAgCgD");
 /// base64url_nopad::try_encode_append_only([0x7b; 22].as_slice(), &mut buffer)?;
 /// assert_eq!(buffer, "AAgCgDe3t7e3t7e3t7e3t7e3t7e3t7e3t7ew");
 /// # Ok::<_, TryReserveError>(())
 /// ```
 #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
 #[inline]
 pub fn try_encode_append_only(input: &[u8], s: &mut String) -> Result<(), TryReserveError> {
     try_encode_append(input, s).map(|_| ())
 }
 /// Same as [`try_encode_append`] except a `panic` occurs on allocation failure.
 ///
 /// # Panics
 ///
 /// `panic`s iff [`try_encode_append`] errors.
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```
 /// # extern crate alloc;
 /// # use alloc::{collections::TryReserveError, string::String};
 /// let mut buffer = String::new();
 /// assert_eq!(
 ///     base64url_nopad::encode_append([0; 0].as_slice(), &mut buffer),
 ///     ""
 /// );
 /// assert_eq!(
 ///     base64url_nopad::encode_append([0; 1].as_slice(), &mut buffer),
 ///     "AA"
 /// );
 /// assert_eq!(
 ///     base64url_nopad::encode_append([128, 40, 3].as_slice(), &mut buffer),
 ///     "gCgD"
 /// );
 /// assert_eq!(buffer, "AAgCgD");
 /// assert_eq!(
 ///     base64url_nopad::encode_append([0x7b; 22].as_slice(), &mut buffer),
 ///     "e3t7e3t7e3t7e3t7e3t7e3t7e3t7ew"
 /// );
 /// assert_eq!(buffer, "AAgCgDe3t7e3t7e3t7e3t7e3t7e3t7e3t7ew");
 /// ```
 #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
 #[expect(
     clippy::unwrap_used,
     reason = "purpose of this function is to panic on allocation failure"
 )]
 #[inline]
 pub fn encode_append<'a>(input: &[u8], s: &'a mut String) -> &'a mut str {
     try_encode_append(input, s).unwrap()
 }
 /// Same as [`encode_append`] except the encoded `str` is not returned.
 ///
 /// # Panics
 ///
 /// `panic`s iff [`encode_append`] does.
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```
 /// # extern crate alloc;
 /// # use alloc::{collections::TryReserveError, string::String};
 /// let mut buffer = String::new();
 /// base64url_nopad::encode_append_only([0; 0].as_slice(), &mut buffer);
 /// assert_eq!(buffer, "");
 /// base64url_nopad::encode_append_only([0; 1].as_slice(), &mut buffer);
 /// assert_eq!(buffer, "AA");
 /// base64url_nopad::encode_append_only([128, 40, 3].as_slice(), &mut buffer);
 /// assert_eq!(buffer, "AAgCgD");
 /// base64url_nopad::encode_append_only([0x7b; 22].as_slice(), &mut buffer);
 /// assert_eq!(buffer, "AAgCgDe3t7e3t7e3t7e3t7e3t7e3t7e3t7ew");
 /// # Ok::<_, TryReserveError>(())
 /// ```
 #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
 #[inline]
 pub fn encode_append_only(input: &[u8], s: &mut String) {
     _ = encode_append(input, s);
 }
 /// Returns the exact number of bytes needed to decode a base64url without padding input of length `input_length`.
 ///
 /// `Some` is returned iff `input_length` represents a possible length of a base64url without padding input.
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```
 /// # use base64url_nopad::MAX_ENCODE_INPUT_LEN;
 /// assert!(base64url_nopad::decode_len(1).is_none());
 /// assert!(base64url_nopad::decode_len(usize::MAX).is_some_and(|len| len == MAX_ENCODE_INPUT_LEN));
 /// assert!(base64url_nopad::decode_len(4).is_some_and(|len| len == 3));
 /// assert!(base64url_nopad::decode_len(3).is_some_and(|len| len == 2));
 /// assert!(base64url_nopad::decode_len(2).is_some_and(|len| len == 1));
 /// assert!(base64url_nopad::decode_len(0).is_some_and(|len| len == 0));
 /// ```
 #[expect(
     clippy::arithmetic_side_effects,
     reason = "proof and comment justifies their correctness"
 )]
 #[inline]
 #[must_use]
 pub const fn decode_len(input_length: usize) -> Option<usize> {
     // 64^n is the number of distinct values of the input. Let the decoded output be O.
     // There are 256 possible values each byte in O can be; thus we must find
     // the maximum nonnegative integer m such that:
     // 256^m = (2^8)^m = 2^(8m) <= 64^n = (2^6)^n = 2^(6n)
     // <==>
     // lg(2^(8m)) = 8m <= lg(2^(6n)) = 6n   lg is defined on all positive reals which 2^(8m) and 2^(6n) are
     // <==>
     // m <= 6n/8 = 3n/4
     // Clearly that corresponds to m = ⌊3n/4⌋.
     // From the proof in `encode_len_checked`, we know that n is a valid length
     // iff n ≢ 1 (mod 4).
     // We claim ⌊3n/4⌋ = 3⌊n/4⌋ + ⌊3(n mod 4)/4⌋.
     // Proof:
     // There are three partitions for n:
     // (1) 4i = n ≡ 0 (mod 4) for some integer i
     //   <==>
     //   ⌊3n/4⌋ = ⌊3(4i)/4⌋ = ⌊3i⌋ = 3i = 3⌊i⌋ = 3⌊4i/4⌋ = 3⌊n/4⌋ + 0 = 3⌊n/4⌋ + ⌊3(0)/4⌋ = 3⌊n/4⌋ + ⌊3(n mod 4)/4⌋
     // (2) 4i + 2 = n ≡ 2 (mod 4) for some integer i
     //   <==>
     //   ⌊3n/4⌋ = ⌊3(4i + 2)/4⌋ = ⌊3i + 6/4⌋ = 3i + ⌊6/4⌋ = 3i + 1 = 3⌊i⌋ + ⌊3(2)/4⌋
     //                                                             = 3⌊(4i + 2)/4⌋ + ⌊3((4i + 2) mod 4)/4⌋
     //                                                             = 3⌊n/4⌋ + ⌊3(n mod 4)/4⌋
     // (3) 4i + 3 = n ≡ 3 (mod 4) for some integer i
     //   <==>
     //   ⌊3n/4⌋ = ⌊3(4i + 3)/4⌋ = ⌊3i + 9/4⌋ = 3i + ⌊9/4⌋ = 3i + 2 = 3⌊i⌋ + ⌊3(3)/4⌋
     //                                                             = 3⌊(4i + 3)/4⌋ + ⌊3((4i + 3) mod 4)/4⌋
     //                                                             = 3⌊n/4⌋ + ⌊3(n mod 4)/4⌋
     // QED
     // Naively implementing ⌊3n/4⌋ as (3 * n) / 4 can cause overflow due to `3 * n`; thus
     // we implement the equivalent equation 3⌊n/4⌋ + ⌊3(n mod 4)/4⌋ instead:
     // `(3 * (n / 4)) + ((3 * (n % 4)) / 4)` since none of the intermediate calculations suffer
     // from overflow.
     // `input_length % 4`.
     let rem = input_length & 3;
     if rem == 1 {
         None
     } else {
         // 3 * (n >> 2u8) <= m < usize::MAX; thus the left operand of + is fine.
         // rem <= 3
         // <==>
         // 3rem <= 9 < usize::MAX; thus 3 * rem is fine.
         // <==>
         // ⌊3rem/4⌋ <= 3rem, so the right operand of + is fine.
         // The sum is fine since
         // m = ⌊3n/4⌋ = 3⌊n/4⌋ + ⌊3(n mod 4)/4⌋ = (3 * (n >> 2u8)) + ((3 * rem) >> 2u8), and m < usize::MAX.
         Some((3 * (input_length >> 2u8)) + ((3 * rem) >> 2u8))
     }
 }
 /// Ordinal numbers from first to fourth inclusively.
 enum FourOrdinal {
     /// First.
     First,
     /// Second.
     Second,
     /// Third.
     Third,
     /// Fourth.
     Fourth,
 }
 /// Error returned from [`decode_buffer`] and [`decode`].
 ///
 /// Note when [`alloc`](./index.html#alloc) is not enabled, [`Copy`] is also implemented.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
 pub enum DecodeErr {
     /// The encoded input had an invalid length.
     EncodedLen,
     /// The buffer supplied had a length that was too small to contain the decoded data.
     BufferLen,
     /// The encoded data contained trailing bits that were not zero.
     TrailingBits,
     /// The encoded data contained an invalid `u8`.
     InvalidByte,
     /// [`decode`] could not allocate enough memory to contain the decoded data.
     #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
     TryReserve(TryReserveError),
 }
 #[cfg(not(feature = "alloc"))]
 impl Copy for DecodeErr {}
 impl Display for DecodeErr {
     #[inline]
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         match *self {
             Self::EncodedLen => f.write_str("length of encoded data was invalid"),
             Self::BufferLen => {
                 f.write_str("length of the output buffer is too small to contain the decoded data")
             }
             Self::TrailingBits => {
                 f.write_str("encoded data contained trailing bits that were not zero")
             }
             Self::InvalidByte => f.write_str("encoded data contained an invalid byte"),
             #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
             Self::TryReserve(ref err) => err.fmt(f),
         }
     }
 }
 impl Error for DecodeErr {}
 /// Decodes `input` into `output` returning the subset of `output` containing the decoded data.
 ///
 /// # Errors
 ///
 /// Errors iff [`decode_len`] of `input.len()` does not return `Some` containing a
 /// `usize` that does not exceed `ouput.len()` or `input` is an invalid base64url-encoded value without padding.
 /// Note [`DecodeErr::TryReserve`] will never be returned.
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```
 /// # use base64url_nopad::DecodeErr;
 /// assert_eq!(base64url_nopad::decode_buffer([0; 0].as_slice(), [0; 0].as_mut_slice())?, b"");
 /// assert_eq!(
 ///     base64url_nopad::decode_buffer([0; 1].as_slice(), [0; 0].as_mut_slice()).unwrap_err(),
 ///     DecodeErr::EncodedLen
 /// );
 /// assert_eq!(
 ///     base64url_nopad::decode_buffer([0; 2].as_slice(), [0; 3].as_mut_slice()).unwrap_err(),
 ///     DecodeErr::InvalidByte
 /// );
 /// assert_eq!(
 ///     base64url_nopad::decode_buffer([0; 2].as_slice(), [0; 0].as_mut_slice()).unwrap_err(),
 ///     DecodeErr::BufferLen
 /// );
 /// assert_eq!(
 ///     base64url_nopad::decode_buffer(b"-8", [0; 3].as_mut_slice()).unwrap_err(),
 ///     DecodeErr::TrailingBits
 /// );
 /// // A larger output buffer than necessary is OK.
 /// assert_eq!(base64url_nopad::decode_buffer(b"C8Aa_A--91VZbx0", &mut [0; 128])?, [0x0b, 0xc0, 0x1a, 0xfc, 0x0f, 0xbe, 0xf7, b'U', b'Y', b'o', 0x1d]);
 /// # Ok::<_, DecodeErr>(())
 /// ```
 #[expect(unsafe_code, reason = "comment justifies correctness")]
 #[expect(
     clippy::arithmetic_side_effects,
     clippy::indexing_slicing,
     reason = "comments justify correctness"
 )]
 #[inline]
 pub const fn decode_buffer<'a>(
     mut input: &[u8],
     output: &'a mut [u8],
 ) -> Result<&'a mut [u8], DecodeErr> {
     if let Some(output_len) = decode_len(input.len()) {
         if output.len() >= output_len {
             // `input.len() % 4`.
             let len = input.len() & 3;
             // A trailing `Alphabet` is added iff the encode value is not a multiple of 4 (i.e., len % 4 != 0).
             match len {
                 2 => {
                     // We know `input` is not empty; otherwise `len % 3 == 0`.
                     if let Some(val) = Alphabet::from_ascii(input[input.len() - 1]) {
                         if val.to_u8().trailing_zeros() < 4 {
                             return Err(DecodeErr::TrailingBits);
                         }
                     } else {
                         return Err(DecodeErr::InvalidByte);
                     }
                 }
                 3 => {
                     // We know `input` is not empty; otherwise `len % 3 == 0`.
                     if let Some(val) = Alphabet::from_ascii(input[input.len() - 1]) {
                         if val.to_u8().trailing_zeros() < 2 {
                             return Err(DecodeErr::TrailingBits);
                         }
                     } else {
                         return Err(DecodeErr::InvalidByte);
                     }
                 }
                 // The only possible value is `0` since if `len` were `1`, `decode_len` would have failed.
                 _ => {}
             }
             let mut val = 0;
             let mut output_idx = 0;
             let mut counter = FourOrdinal::First;
             while let [mut first, ref rest @ ..] = *input {
                 if let Some(base64) = Alphabet::from_ascii(first) {
                     first = base64.to_u8();
                     match counter {
                         FourOrdinal::First => {
                             val = first << 2;
                             counter = FourOrdinal::Second;
                         }
                         FourOrdinal::Second => {
                             output[output_idx] = val | (first >> 4);
                             val = first << 4;
                             counter = FourOrdinal::Third;
                             output_idx += 1;
                         }
                         FourOrdinal::Third => {
                             output[output_idx] = val | (first >> 2);
                             val = first << 6;
                             counter = FourOrdinal::Fourth;
                             output_idx += 1;
                         }
                         FourOrdinal::Fourth => {
                             output[output_idx] = val | first;
                             counter = FourOrdinal::First;
                             output_idx += 1;
                         }
                     }
                     input = rest;
                 } else {
                     return Err(DecodeErr::InvalidByte);
                 }
             }
             // SAFETY:
             // `output.len() >= output_len`.
             Ok(unsafe { output.split_at_mut_unchecked(output_len) }.0)
         } else {
             Err(DecodeErr::BufferLen)
         }
     } else {
         Err(DecodeErr::EncodedLen)
     }
 }
 /// Similar to [`decode_buffer`] except a `Vec` is returned instead using its buffer to write to.
 ///
 /// # Errors
 ///
 /// Errors iff [`decode_buffer`] errors or an error occurs from allocating the capacity needed to contain
 /// the decoded data. Note [`DecodeErr::BufferLen`] is not possible to be returned.
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```
 /// # use base64url_nopad::DecodeErr;
 /// assert_eq!(base64url_nopad::decode([0; 0].as_slice())?, b"");
 /// assert_eq!(
 ///     base64url_nopad::decode([0; 1].as_slice()).unwrap_err(),
 ///     DecodeErr::EncodedLen
 /// );
 /// assert_eq!(
 ///     base64url_nopad::decode([0; 2].as_slice()).unwrap_err(),
 ///     DecodeErr::InvalidByte
 /// );
 /// assert_eq!(
 ///     base64url_nopad::decode(b"-8").unwrap_err(),
 ///     DecodeErr::TrailingBits
 /// );
 /// assert_eq!(base64url_nopad::decode(b"C8Aa_A--91VZbx0")?, [0x0b, 0xc0, 0x1a, 0xfc, 0x0f, 0xbe, 0xf7, b'U', b'Y', b'o', 0x1d]);
 /// # Ok::<_, DecodeErr>(())
 /// ```
 #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
 #[inline]
 pub fn decode(input: &[u8]) -> Result<Vec<u8>, DecodeErr> {
     decode_len(input.len())
         .ok_or(DecodeErr::EncodedLen)
         .and_then(|capacity| {
             let mut buffer = Vec::new();
             buffer
                 .try_reserve_exact(capacity)
                 .map_err(DecodeErr::TryReserve)
                 .and_then(|()| {
                     buffer.resize(capacity, 0);
                     if let Err(e) = decode_buffer(input, buffer.as_mut_slice()) {
                         Err(e)
                     } else {
                         Ok(buffer)
                     }
                 })
         })
 }
 /// Similar to [`decode_buffer`] except the data is not decoded.
 ///
 /// In some situations, one does not want to actually decode data but merely validate that the encoded data
 /// is valid base64url without padding. Since data is not actually decoded, one avoids the need to allocate
 /// a large-enough buffer first.
 ///
 /// # Errors
 ///
 /// Errors iff `input` is an invalid base64url without padding.
 ///
 /// Note since no buffer is used to decode the data into, neither [`DecodeErr::BufferLen`] nor
 /// [`DecodeErr::TryReserve`] will ever be returned.
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```
 /// # use base64url_nopad::DecodeErr;
 /// base64url_nopad::validate_encoded_data([0; 0].as_slice())?;
 /// assert_eq!(
 ///     base64url_nopad::validate_encoded_data([0; 1].as_slice()).unwrap_err(),
 ///     DecodeErr::EncodedLen
 /// );
 /// assert_eq!(
 ///     base64url_nopad::validate_encoded_data([0; 2].as_slice()).unwrap_err(),
 ///     DecodeErr::InvalidByte
 /// );
 /// assert_eq!(
 ///     base64url_nopad::validate_encoded_data(b"-8").unwrap_err(),
 ///     DecodeErr::TrailingBits
 /// );
 /// base64url_nopad::validate_encoded_data(b"C8Aa_A--91VZbx0")?;
 /// # Ok::<_, DecodeErr>(())
 /// ```
 #[expect(
     clippy::arithmetic_side_effects,
     clippy::indexing_slicing,
     reason = "comments justify correctness"
 )]
 #[inline]
 pub const fn validate_encoded_data(mut input: &[u8]) -> Result<(), DecodeErr> {
     let len = input.len();
     // `len % 4`.
     match len & 3 {
         // `input.len()` is invalid iff it is equivalent to 1 modulo 4 per the proof in
         // `decode_len`.
         1 => return Err(DecodeErr::EncodedLen),
         2 => {
             // We know `input` is not empty; otherwise `len % 4 == 0`.
             if let Some(val) = Alphabet::from_ascii(input[len - 1]) {
                 if val.to_u8().trailing_zeros() < 4 {
                     return Err(DecodeErr::TrailingBits);
                 }
             } else {
                 return Err(DecodeErr::InvalidByte);
             }
         }
         3 => {
             // We know `input` is not empty; otherwise `len % 4 == 0`.
             if let Some(val) = Alphabet::from_ascii(input[len - 1]) {
                 if val.to_u8().trailing_zeros() < 2 {
                     return Err(DecodeErr::TrailingBits);
                 }
             } else {
                 return Err(DecodeErr::InvalidByte);
             }
         }
         // When the input has length that is a multple of 4, then no trailing bits were added and thus
         // all values are possible.
         _ => {}
     }
     while let [first, ref rest @ ..] = *input {
         if Alphabet::from_ascii(first).is_some() {
             input = rest;
         } else {
             return Err(DecodeErr::InvalidByte);
         }
     }
     Ok(())
 }
 /// Same as [`encode_buffer`] except `output` must have the _exact_ length needed to encode `input`, and the
 /// encoded `str` is not returned.
 ///
 /// # Panics
 ///
 /// `panic`s iff `output` does not have the _exact_ length needed to encode `input`.
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```
 /// let mut buffer = [0; 256];
 /// base64url_nopad::encode_buffer_exact([0; 0].as_slice(), &mut buffer[..0]);
 /// base64url_nopad::encode_buffer_exact([0; 1].as_slice(), &mut buffer[..2]);
 /// assert_eq!(*b"AA", buffer[..2]);
 /// // Uncommenting below will cause a `panic` since the output buffer must be exact.
 /// // base64url_nopad::encode_buffer_exact([255; 1].as_slice(), &mut buffer);
 /// ```
 #[inline]
 pub const fn encode_buffer_exact(input: &[u8], output: &mut [u8]) {
     assert!(
         // `encode_len` won't `panic` since Rust guarantees `input.len()` is at most `isize::MAX`.
         output.len() == encode_len(input.len()),
         "encode_buffer_exact must be passed an output buffer whose length is exactly the length needed to encode the data"
     );
     _ = encode_buffer(input, output);
 }
 /// Same as [`decode_buffer`] except `output` must have the _exact_ length needed, and the decoded `slice`
 /// is not returned.
 ///
 /// # Errors
 ///
 /// Errors iff [`decode_buffer`] errors. Note that since a `panic` occurs when `output.len()` is not the
 /// exact length needed, [`DecodeErr::BufferLen`] is not possible in addition to [`DecodeErr::TryReserve`].
 ///
 /// # Panics
 ///
 /// `panic`s iff `output` does not have the _exact_ length needed to contain the decoded data. Note when `input`
 /// contains an invalid length, [`DecodeErr::EncodedLen`] is returned _not_ a `panic`.
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```
 /// # use base64url_nopad::DecodeErr;
 /// assert_eq!(
 ///     base64url_nopad::decode_buffer_exact([0; 1].as_slice(), [0; 0].as_mut_slice()).unwrap_err(),
 ///     DecodeErr::EncodedLen
 /// );
 /// assert_eq!(
 ///     base64url_nopad::decode_buffer_exact([0; 2].as_slice(), [0; 1].as_mut_slice()).unwrap_err(),
 ///     DecodeErr::InvalidByte
 /// );
 /// assert_eq!(
 ///     base64url_nopad::decode_buffer_exact(b"-8", [0; 1].as_mut_slice()).unwrap_err(),
 ///     DecodeErr::TrailingBits
 /// );
 /// let mut buffer = [0; base64url_nopad::decode_len(b"C8Aa_A--91VZbx0".len()).unwrap()];
 /// base64url_nopad::decode_buffer(b"C8Aa_A--91VZbx0", &mut buffer)?;
 /// assert_eq!(buffer, [0x0b, 0xc0, 0x1a, 0xfc, 0x0f, 0xbe, 0xf7, b'U', b'Y', b'o', 0x1d]);
 /// // Uncommenting below will cause a `panic` since a larger output buffer than necessary is _not_ OK.
 /// // base64url_nopad::decode_buffer_exact(b"C8Aa_A--91VZbx0", &mut [0; 128])?;
 /// # Ok::<_, DecodeErr>(())
 /// ```
 #[expect(
     clippy::panic_in_result_fn,
     reason = "purpose of this function is to panic when output does not have the exact length needed"
 )]
 #[inline]
 pub const fn decode_buffer_exact(input: &[u8], output: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(), DecodeErr> {
     if let Some(output_len) = decode_len(input.len()) {
         assert!(
             output.len() == output_len,
             "decode_buffer_exact must be passed an output buffer whose length is exactly the length needed to decode the data"
         );
         if let Err(e) = decode_buffer(input, output) {
             Err(e)
         } else {
             Ok(())
         }
     } else {
         Err(DecodeErr::EncodedLen)
     }
 }
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
     #[cfg(any(
         target_pointer_width = "16",
         target_pointer_width = "32",
         target_pointer_width = "64",
     ))]
     use super::MAX_ENCODE_INPUT_LEN;
     #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
     use alloc::string::String;
     #[cfg(any(
         target_pointer_width = "16",
         target_pointer_width = "32",
         target_pointer_width = "64",
     ))]
     use rand::{RngExt as _, rngs::SmallRng};
     #[expect(
         clippy::as_conversions,
         clippy::cast_possible_truncation,
         reason = "comment justifies correctness"
     )]
     #[cfg(any(
         target_pointer_width = "16",
         target_pointer_width = "32",
         target_pointer_width = "64",
     ))]
     #[ignore = "slow"]
     #[test]
     fn encode_decode_len() {
         assert_eq!(MAX_ENCODE_INPUT_LEN, 3 * (usize::MAX.div_ceil(4)) - 1);
         let mut rng = rand::make_rng::<SmallRng>();
         for _ in 0u32..10_000_000 {
             // `uN as usize` is fine since we `cfg` by pointer width.
             #[cfg(target_pointer_width = "16")]
             let len = rng.random::<u16>() as usize;
             #[cfg(target_pointer_width = "32")]
             let len = rng.random::<u32>() as usize;
             #[cfg(target_pointer_width = "64")]
             let len = rng.random::<u64>() as usize;
             if len <= MAX_ENCODE_INPUT_LEN {
                 assert!(
                     super::encode_len_checked(len)
                         .is_some_and(|l| super::decode_len(l).is_some_and(|orig| orig == len))
                 );
             } else {
                 assert!(super::encode_len_checked(len).is_none());
             }
         }
         for i in 0..1025 {
             assert!(
                 super::encode_len_checked(i)
                     .is_some_and(|l| super::decode_len(l).is_some_and(|orig| orig == i))
             );
         }
         #[cfg(target_pointer_width = "16")]
         for i in MAX_ENCODE_INPUT_LEN + 1.. {
             assert!(super::encode_len_checked(i).is_none());
         }
         #[cfg(not(target_pointer_width = "16"))]
         for i in MAX_ENCODE_INPUT_LEN + 1..MAX_ENCODE_INPUT_LEN + 1_000_000 {
             assert!(super::encode_len_checked(i).is_none());
         }
         assert!(super::encode_len_checked(usize::MAX).is_none());
         assert!(super::encode_len_checked(MAX_ENCODE_INPUT_LEN).is_some_and(|l| l == usize::MAX));
         for _ in 0u32..10_000_000 {
             #[cfg(target_pointer_width = "16")]
             let len = rng.random::<u16>() as usize;
             #[cfg(target_pointer_width = "32")]
             let len = rng.random::<u32>() as usize;
             #[cfg(target_pointer_width = "64")]
             let len = rng.random::<u64>() as usize;
             if len & 3 == 1 {
                 assert!(super::decode_len(len).is_none());
             } else {
                 assert!(
                     super::decode_len(len).is_some_and(
                         |l| super::encode_len_checked(l).is_some_and(|orig| orig == len)
                     )
                 );
             }
         }
         for i in 0..1025 {
             if i & 3 == 1 {
                 assert!(super::decode_len(i).is_none());
             } else {
                 assert!(
                     super::decode_len(i).is_some_and(
                         |l| super::encode_len_checked(l).is_some_and(|orig| orig == i)
                     )
                 );
             }
         }
         #[cfg(target_pointer_width = "16")]
         for i in 0..=usize::MAX {
             if i & 3 == 1 {
                 assert!(super::decode_len(i).is_none());
             } else {
                 assert!(super::decode_len(i).is_some_and(|l| super::encode_len_checked(l).is_some_and(|orig| orig == i)));
             }
         }
         #[cfg(not(target_pointer_width = "16"))]
         for i in usize::MAX - 1_000_000..=usize::MAX {
             if i & 3 == 1 {
                 assert!(super::decode_len(i).is_none());
             } else {
                 assert!(super::decode_len(i).is_some_and(|l| super::encode_len_checked(l).is_some_and(|orig| orig == i)));
             }
         }
         assert!(super::decode_len(usize::MAX).is_some_and(|l| l == MAX_ENCODE_INPUT_LEN));
     }
     #[expect(clippy::indexing_slicing, reason = "comments justify correctness")]
     #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
     #[test]
     fn encode_write() {
         let input = [9; 8192];
         let mut buffer = String::with_capacity(super::encode_len(input.len()));
         let cap = buffer.capacity();
         let mut write_len;
         for len in 0..input.len() {
             write_len = super::encode_len(len);
             match write_len.checked_add(buffer.len()) {
                 None => {
                     buffer.clear();
                     // Indexing is fine since `len <= input.len()`.
                     assert_eq!(super::encode_write(&input[..len], &mut buffer), Ok(()));
                     assert_eq!(buffer.len(), write_len);
                 }
                 Some(l) => {
                     if l > cap {
                         buffer.clear();
                         // Indexing is fine since `len <= input.len()`.
                         assert_eq!(super::encode_write(&input[..len], &mut buffer), Ok(()));
                         assert_eq!(buffer.len(), write_len);
                     } else {
                         // Indexing is fine since `len <= input.len()`.
                         assert_eq!(super::encode_write(&input[..len], &mut buffer), Ok(()));
                         assert_eq!(buffer.len(), l);
                     }
                 }
             }
             assert!(
                 buffer
                     .as_bytes()
                     .iter()
                     .all(|b| { matches!(*b, b'C' | b'J' | b'Q' | b'k') })
             );
         }
     }
 }