priv_sep

lib.rs (54384B)

---

 //! [![git]](https://git.philomathiclife.com/priv_sep/log.html) [![crates-io]](https://crates.io/crates/priv_sep) [![docs-rs]](crate)
 //!
 //! [git]: https://git.philomathiclife.com/git_badge.svg
 //! [crates-io]: https://img.shields.io/badge/crates.io-fc8d62?style=for-the-badge&labelColor=555555&logo=rust
 //! [docs-rs]: https://img.shields.io/badge/docs.rs-66c2a5?style=for-the-badge&labelColor=555555&logo=docs.rs
 //!
 //! `priv_sep` is a library that uses the system's libc to perform privilege separation and privilege reduction
 //! for Unix-like platforms. The following `target_os` values are supported:
 //!
 //! * `dragonfly`
 //! * `freebsd`
 //! * `linux`
 //! * `macos`
 //! * `netbsd`
 //! * `openbsd`
 //!
 //! ## `priv_sep` in action
 //!
 //! ```no_run
 //! use core::convert::Infallible;
 //! use priv_sep::{PrivDropErr, UserInfo};
 //! use std::{
 //!     io::Error,
 //!     net::{Ipv6Addr, SocketAddrV6},
 //! };
 //! use tokio::net::TcpListener;
 //! #[tokio::main(flavor = "current_thread")]
 //! async fn main() -> Result<Infallible, PrivDropErr<Error>> {
 //!     // Get the user ID and group ID for nobody from `passwd(5)`.
 //!     // `chroot(2)` to `/path/chroot/` and `chdir(2)` to `/`.
 //!     // Bind to TCP `[::1]:443` as root.
 //!     // `setgroups(2)` to drop all supplementary groups.
 //!     // `setresgid(2)` to the group ID associated with nobody.
 //!     // `setresuid(2)` to the user ID associated with nobody.
 //!     let listener =
 //!         UserInfo::chroot_then_priv_drop_async(c"nobody", c"/path/chroot/", false, async || {
 //!             TcpListener::bind(SocketAddrV6::new(Ipv6Addr::LOCALHOST, 443, 0, 0)).await
 //!         })
 //!         .await?;
 //!     // At this point, the process is running under nobody.
 //!     loop {
 //!         // Handle TCP connections.
 //!         if let Ok((_, ip)) = listener.accept().await {
 //!             assert!(ip.is_ipv6());
 //!         }
 //!     }
 //! }
 //! ```
 //!
 //! <details>
 //! <summary>Incorporating <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/pledge.2"><code>pledge(2)</code></a> and <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/unveil.2"><code>unveil(2)</code></a> on OpenBSD</summary>
 //!
 //! ```no_run
 //! # #[cfg(target_os = "openbsd")]
 //! use core::convert::Infallible;
 //! # #[cfg(target_os = "openbsd")]
 //! use priv_sep::{Permissions, PrivDropErr, Promise, Promises};
 //! # #[cfg(target_os = "openbsd")]
 //! use std::{
 //!     fs,
 //!     io::Error,
 //!     net::{Ipv6Addr, SocketAddrV6},
 //! };
 //! # #[cfg(target_os = "openbsd")]
 //! use tokio::net::TcpListener;
 //! # #[cfg(not(target_os = "openbsd"))]
 //! # fn main() {}
 //! # #[cfg(target_os = "openbsd")]
 //! #[tokio::main(flavor = "current_thread")]
 //! async fn main() -> Result<Infallible, PrivDropErr<Error>> {
 //!     /// Config file.
 //!     const CONFIG: &str = "config";
 //!     // Get the user ID and group ID for nobody from `passwd(5)`.
 //!     // `chroot(2)` to `/path/chroot/` and `chdir(2)` to `/`.
 //!     // `pledge(2)` `id`, `inet`, `rpath`, `stdio`, and `unveil`.
 //!     // Bind to TCP `[::1]:443` as root.
 //!     // `setgroups(2)` to drop all supplementary groups.
 //!     // `setresgid(2)` to the group ID associated with nobody.
 //!     // `setresuid(2)` to the user ID associated with nobody.
 //!     // Remove `id` from our `pledge(2)`d promises.
 //!     let (listener, mut promises) = Promises::new_chroot_then_priv_drop_async(
 //!         c"nobody",
 //!         c"/path/chroot/",
 //!         [Promise::Inet, Promise::Rpath, Promise::Unveil],
 //!         false,
 //!         async || TcpListener::bind(SocketAddrV6::new(Ipv6Addr::LOCALHOST, 443, 0, 0)).await,
 //!     )
 //!     .await?;
 //!     // At this point, the process is running under nobody.
 //!     // Only allow file system access to `config` and only allow read access to it.
 //!     Permissions::READ.unveil(CONFIG)?;
 //!     // Read `config`.
 //!     // This will of course fail if the file does not exist or nobody does not
 //!     // have read permissions.
 //!     let config = fs::read(CONFIG).map_err(PrivDropErr::Other)?;
 //!     // Remove file system access.
 //!     Permissions::NONE.unveil(CONFIG)?;
 //!     // Remove `rpath` and `unveil` from our `pledge(2)`d promises
 //!     // (i.e., only have `inet` and `stdio` abilities when we begin accepting TCP connections).
 //!     promises.remove_promises_then_pledge([Promise::Rpath, Promise::Unveil])?;
 //!     loop {
 //!         // Handle TCP connections.
 //!         if let Ok((_, ip)) = listener.accept().await {
 //!             assert!(ip.is_ipv6());
 //!         }
 //!     }
 //! }
 //! ```
 //! </details>
 //!
 //! ## Cargo "features"
 //!
 //! ### `alloc`
 //!
 //! Enables `alloc` support. While "typical" use of `priv_sep` should work without `alloc`, there are cases
 //! where one may desire heap allocation. For example if a database entry associated with a user requires
 //! more than 1 KiB of space, [`UserInfo::new`] will error with [`Errno::ERANGE`] when `alloc` is not enabled.
 //!
 //! Additional [`CStrHelper`] `impl`s are exposed as well (e.g.,
 //! [`String`](./trait.CStrHelper.html#impl-CStrHelper-for-String)).
 //!
 //! ### `std`
 //!
 //! Enables `std` support. This is useful for additional [`CStrHelper`] `impl`s (e.g.,
 //! [`OsStr`](./trait.CStrHelper.html#impl-CStrHelper-for-OsStr)) as well as
 //! [`TryFrom<Error>`](./enum.Errno.html#impl-TryFrom%3CError%3E-for-Errno)
 //! and [`From<Errno>`](./enum.Errno.html#impl-From%3CErrno%3E-for-Error).
 //!
 //! This feature implies [`alloc`](#alloc) and is enabled by default via the `default` feature.
 #![cfg_attr(docsrs, feature(doc_cfg))]
 #![cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(auto_cfg = false))]
 #![no_std]
 #![cfg(any(
     target_os = "dragonfly",
     target_os = "freebsd",
     target_os = "linux",
     target_os = "macos",
     target_os = "netbsd",
     target_os = "openbsd"
 ))]
 #![expect(
     clippy::pub_use,
     reason = "don't want Errno nor openbsd types in a module"
 )]
 #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
 extern crate alloc;
 #[cfg(feature = "std")]
 extern crate std;
 /// C FFI.
 mod c;
 /// Errno.
 mod err;
 /// OpenBSD
 #[cfg(any(doc, target_os = "openbsd"))]
 mod openbsd;
 #[cfg(feature = "std")]
 use alloc::borrow::Cow;
 #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
 use alloc::{ffi::CString, string::String, vec};
 use c::SUCCESS;
 use core::{
     error::Error as CoreErr,
     ffi::{CStr, c_char, c_int},
     fmt::{self, Display, Formatter},
     mem::MaybeUninit,
     ptr, slice,
 };
 pub use err::Errno;
 #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(target_os = "openbsd")))]
 #[cfg(any(doc, target_os = "openbsd"))]
 pub use openbsd::{Permission, Permissions, Promise, Promises};
 #[cfg(feature = "std")]
 use std::{
     ffi::{OsStr, OsString},
     path::{Component, Components, Iter, Path, PathBuf},
 };
 /// [`uid_t`](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799.2024edition/basedefs/sys_types.h.html).
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
 #[repr(transparent)]
 pub struct Uid(pub u32);
 impl Uid {
     /// The root user ID (i.e., 0).
     pub const ROOT: Self = Self(0);
     /// Returns `true` iff `self` is [`Self::ROOT`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use priv_sep::Uid;
     /// assert!(Uid::ROOT.is_root());
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub const fn is_root(self) -> bool {
         self.0 == Self::ROOT.0
     }
     /// [`getuid`](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799.2024edition/functions/getuid.html).
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use priv_sep::Uid;
     /// assert_eq!(Uid::getuid(), 1000);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn getuid() -> Self {
         Self(c::getuid())
     }
     /// [`geteuid`](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799.2024edition/functions/geteuid.html).
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use priv_sep::Uid;
     /// assert_eq!(Uid::geteuid(), 1000);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn geteuid() -> Self {
         Self(c::geteuid())
     }
     /// Calls [`setresuid`](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799.2024edition/functions/setresuid.html)
     /// passing `self` for the real, effective, and saved user IDs.
     ///
     /// Note on some platforms `setuid` is called using `self`.
     ///
     /// # Errors
     ///
     /// Errors iff `setresuid` does.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use priv_sep::Uid;
     /// assert!(Uid(1000).setresuid().is_ok());
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     pub fn setresuid(self) -> Result<(), Errno> {
         #[cfg(any(
             target_os = "dragonfly",
             target_os = "freebsd",
             target_os = "linux",
             target_os = "openbsd"
         ))]
         let code = c::setresuid(self.0, self.0, self.0);
         #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "netbsd"))]
         let code = c::setuid(self.0);
         if code == SUCCESS {
             Ok(())
         } else {
             Err(Errno::last())
         }
     }
 }
 impl PartialEq<&Self> for Uid {
     #[inline]
     fn eq(&self, other: &&Self) -> bool {
         *self == **other
     }
 }
 impl PartialEq<Uid> for &Uid {
     #[inline]
     fn eq(&self, other: &Uid) -> bool {
         **self == *other
     }
 }
 impl PartialEq<u32> for Uid {
     #[inline]
     fn eq(&self, other: &u32) -> bool {
         self.0 == *other
     }
 }
 impl From<Uid> for u32 {
     #[inline]
     fn from(value: Uid) -> Self {
         value.0
     }
 }
 impl From<u32> for Uid {
     #[inline]
     fn from(value: u32) -> Self {
         Self(value)
     }
 }
 /// [`gid_t`](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799.2024edition/basedefs/sys_types.h.html).
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
 #[repr(transparent)]
 pub struct Gid(pub u32);
 impl Gid {
     /// [`getgid`](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799.2024edition/functions/getgid.html).
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use priv_sep::Gid;
     /// assert_eq!(Gid::getgid(), 1000);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn getgid() -> Self {
         Self(c::getgid())
     }
     /// [`getegid`](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799.2024edition/functions/getegid.html).
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use priv_sep::Gid;
     /// assert_eq!(Gid::getegid(), 1000);
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn getegid() -> Self {
         Self(c::getegid())
     }
     /// Calls [`setresgid`](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799.2024edition/functions/setresgid.html)
     /// passing `self` for the real, effective, and saved group IDs.
     ///
     /// Note on some platforms `setgid` is called using `self`.
     ///
     /// # Errors
     ///
     /// Errors iff `setresgid` does.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use priv_sep::Gid;
     /// assert!(Gid(1000).setresgid().is_ok());
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     pub fn setresgid(self) -> Result<(), Errno> {
         #[cfg(any(
             target_os = "dragonfly",
             target_os = "freebsd",
             target_os = "linux",
             target_os = "openbsd"
         ))]
         let code = c::setresgid(self.0, self.0, self.0);
         #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "netbsd"))]
         let code = c::setgid(self.0);
         if code == SUCCESS {
             Ok(())
         } else {
             Err(Errno::last())
         }
     }
 }
 impl PartialEq<&Self> for Gid {
     #[inline]
     fn eq(&self, other: &&Self) -> bool {
         *self == **other
     }
 }
 impl PartialEq<Gid> for &Gid {
     #[inline]
     fn eq(&self, other: &Gid) -> bool {
         **self == *other
     }
 }
 impl PartialEq<u32> for Gid {
     #[inline]
     fn eq(&self, other: &u32) -> bool {
         self.0 == *other
     }
 }
 impl From<Gid> for u32 {
     #[inline]
     fn from(value: Gid) -> Self {
         value.0
     }
 }
 impl From<u32> for Gid {
     #[inline]
     fn from(value: u32) -> Self {
         Self(value)
     }
 }
 /// Primarily an internal `trait` that allows one to use a variety of types in lieu of
 /// [`CStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/core/ffi/struct.CStr.html).
 pub trait CStrHelper {
     /// First converts `self` into a
     /// [`CStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/core/ffi/struct.CStr.html)
     /// before passing it into `f`.
     ///
     /// # Errors
     ///
     /// Errors whenever necessary.
     ///
     /// If an error occurs due to insufficient buffer space (e.g., when [`alloc`](./index.html#alloc) is not
     /// enabled and a `str` is used with length greater than 1023), then [`Errno::ERANGE`] must be returned.
     ///
     /// If an error occurs from converting `self` into a `CStr` due to nul bytes, then [`Errno::EINVAL`]
     /// must be returned.
     fn convert_then_apply<T, F: FnOnce(&CStr) -> Result<T, Errno>>(&self, f: F)
     -> Result<T, Errno>;
 }
 impl CStrHelper for CStr {
     #[inline]
     fn convert_then_apply<T, F: FnOnce(&Self) -> Result<T, Errno>>(
         &self,
         f: F,
     ) -> Result<T, Errno> {
         f(self)
     }
 }
 #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "alloc")))]
 #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
 impl CStrHelper for CString {
     #[inline]
     fn convert_then_apply<T, F: FnOnce(&CStr) -> Result<T, Errno>>(
         &self,
         f: F,
     ) -> Result<T, Errno> {
         self.as_c_str().convert_then_apply(f)
     }
 }
 /// Converts `val` into a `CStr` via heap allocation before applying `f` to it.
 #[cold]
 #[inline(never)]
 #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
 fn c_str_allocating<T, F: FnOnce(&CStr) -> Result<T, Errno>>(
     bytes: &[u8],
     f: F,
 ) -> Result<T, Errno> {
     CString::new(bytes)
         .map_err(|_e| Errno::EINVAL)
         .and_then(|c| f(&c))
 }
 impl CStrHelper for [u8] {
     #[expect(unsafe_code, reason = "comments justify correctness")]
     #[expect(
         clippy::arithmetic_side_effects,
         reason = "comment justifies correctness"
     )]
     #[inline]
     fn convert_then_apply<T, F: FnOnce(&CStr) -> Result<T, Errno>>(
         &self,
         f: F,
     ) -> Result<T, Errno> {
         /// Maximum stack allocation for `CStr` conversion.
         const C_STR_MAX_STACK_ALLOCATION: usize = 0x400;
         let len = self.len();
         if len < C_STR_MAX_STACK_ALLOCATION {
             let mut buf = MaybeUninit::<[u8; C_STR_MAX_STACK_ALLOCATION]>::uninit();
             let buf_ptr = buf.as_mut_ptr().cast();
             let slice_ptr = self.as_ptr();
             // SAFETY:
             // `slice_ptr` was created from `self` which has length `len` thus is valid for `len` bytes.
             // `buf_ptr` was created from `buf` which has length `C_STR_MAX_STACK_ALLOCATION > len`; thus
             // it too is valid for `len` bytes.
             // `buf`, while unitialized, is only written to before ever being read from.
             // `slice_ptr` and `buf_ptr` are properly aligned.
             // `slice_ptr` and `buf_ptr` point to completely separate allocations.
             unsafe { ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(slice_ptr, buf_ptr, len) };
             // SAFETY:
             // We just wrote `len` bytes into `buf` (which `buf_ptr` points to).
             let nul_pos = unsafe { buf_ptr.add(len) };
             // SAFETY:
             // `buf.len() > len`; thus we know we have at least one byte of space to write `0` to.
             unsafe { nul_pos.write(0) };
             // `len <= isize::MAX`; thus this cannot overflow `usize::MAX`.
             let final_len = len + 1;
             // SAFETY:
             // The first `final_len` bytes of `buf` (which `buf_ptr` points to) is initialized, aligned, valid, and
             // not null.
             // `CStr::from_bytes_with_nul` doesn't mutate `raw_slice`.
             let raw_slice = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts(buf_ptr, final_len) };
             CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(raw_slice)
                 .map_err(|_e| Errno::EINVAL)
                 .and_then(f)
         } else {
             #[cfg(not(feature = "alloc"))]
             let res = Err(Errno::ERANGE);
             #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
             let res = c_str_allocating(self, f);
             res
         }
     }
 }
 impl CStrHelper for str {
     #[inline]
     fn convert_then_apply<T, F: FnOnce(&CStr) -> Result<T, Errno>>(
         &self,
         f: F,
     ) -> Result<T, Errno> {
         self.as_bytes().convert_then_apply(f)
     }
 }
 #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "alloc")))]
 #[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
 impl CStrHelper for String {
     #[inline]
     fn convert_then_apply<T, F: FnOnce(&CStr) -> Result<T, Errno>>(
         &self,
         f: F,
     ) -> Result<T, Errno> {
         self.as_str().convert_then_apply(f)
     }
 }
 #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "std")))]
 #[cfg(feature = "std")]
 impl CStrHelper for OsStr {
     #[inline]
     fn convert_then_apply<T, F: FnOnce(&CStr) -> Result<T, Errno>>(
         &self,
         f: F,
     ) -> Result<T, Errno> {
         self.as_encoded_bytes().convert_then_apply(f)
     }
 }
 #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "std")))]
 #[cfg(feature = "std")]
 impl CStrHelper for OsString {
     #[inline]
     fn convert_then_apply<T, F: FnOnce(&CStr) -> Result<T, Errno>>(
         &self,
         f: F,
     ) -> Result<T, Errno> {
         self.as_os_str().convert_then_apply(f)
     }
 }
 #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "std")))]
 #[cfg(feature = "std")]
 impl CStrHelper for Cow<'_, OsStr> {
     #[inline]
     fn convert_then_apply<T, F: FnOnce(&CStr) -> Result<T, Errno>>(
         &self,
         f: F,
     ) -> Result<T, Errno> {
         (**self).convert_then_apply(f)
     }
 }
 #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "std")))]
 #[cfg(feature = "std")]
 impl CStrHelper for Path {
     #[inline]
     fn convert_then_apply<T, F: FnOnce(&CStr) -> Result<T, Errno>>(
         &self,
         f: F,
     ) -> Result<T, Errno> {
         self.as_os_str().convert_then_apply(f)
     }
 }
 #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "std")))]
 #[cfg(feature = "std")]
 impl CStrHelper for PathBuf {
     #[inline]
     fn convert_then_apply<T, F: FnOnce(&CStr) -> Result<T, Errno>>(
         &self,
         f: F,
     ) -> Result<T, Errno> {
         self.as_os_str().convert_then_apply(f)
     }
 }
 #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "std")))]
 #[cfg(feature = "std")]
 impl CStrHelper for Component<'_> {
     #[inline]
     fn convert_then_apply<T, F: FnOnce(&CStr) -> Result<T, Errno>>(
         &self,
         f: F,
     ) -> Result<T, Errno> {
         self.as_os_str().convert_then_apply(f)
     }
 }
 #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "std")))]
 #[cfg(feature = "std")]
 impl CStrHelper for Components<'_> {
     #[inline]
     fn convert_then_apply<T, F: FnOnce(&CStr) -> Result<T, Errno>>(
         &self,
         f: F,
     ) -> Result<T, Errno> {
         self.as_path().convert_then_apply(f)
     }
 }
 #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "std")))]
 #[cfg(feature = "std")]
 impl CStrHelper for Iter<'_> {
     #[inline]
     fn convert_then_apply<T, F: FnOnce(&CStr) -> Result<T, Errno>>(
         &self,
         f: F,
     ) -> Result<T, Errno> {
         self.as_path().convert_then_apply(f)
     }
 }
 impl<C: CStrHelper + ?Sized> CStrHelper for &C {
     #[inline]
     fn convert_then_apply<T, F: FnOnce(&CStr) -> Result<T, Errno>>(
         &self,
         f: F,
     ) -> Result<T, Errno> {
         (**self).convert_then_apply(f)
     }
 }
 impl<C: CStrHelper + ?Sized> CStrHelper for &mut C {
     #[inline]
     fn convert_then_apply<T, F: FnOnce(&CStr) -> Result<T, Errno>>(
         &self,
         f: F,
     ) -> Result<T, Errno> {
         (**self).convert_then_apply(f)
     }
 }
 /// [`chroot(2)`](https://manned.org/chroot.2).
 ///
 /// # Errors
 ///
 /// Errors iff `chroot(2)` does.
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```no_run
 /// assert!(priv_sep::chroot(c"./").is_ok());
 /// ```
 #[expect(unsafe_code, reason = "chroot(2) takes a pointer")]
 #[inline]
 pub fn chroot<P: CStrHelper>(path: P) -> Result<(), Errno> {
     fn f(path: &CStr) -> Result<(), Errno> {
         let ptr = path.as_ptr();
         // SAFETY:
         // `ptr` is valid and not null.
         if unsafe { c::chroot(ptr) } == SUCCESS {
             Ok(())
         } else {
             Err(Errno::last())
         }
     }
     path.convert_then_apply(f)
 }
 /// [`chdir`](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799.2024edition/functions/chdir.html).
 ///
 /// This function MUST only be called by `chdir` and `chroot_then_chdir`.
 #[expect(unsafe_code, reason = "chdir(2) takes a pointer")]
 fn private_chdir(path: *const c_char) -> Result<(), Errno> {
     // SAFETY:
     // `path` is valid and not null as can be seen in the only functions that call this function:
     // `chdir` and `chroot_then_chdir`.
     if unsafe { c::chdir(path) } == SUCCESS {
         Ok(())
     } else {
         Err(Errno::last())
     }
 }
 /// [`chdir`](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799.2024edition/functions/chdir.html).
 ///
 /// # Errors
 ///
 /// Errors iff `chdir` does.
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```no_run
 /// assert!(priv_sep::chdir(c"/").is_ok());
 /// ```
 #[inline]
 pub fn chdir<P: CStrHelper>(path: P) -> Result<(), Errno> {
     fn f(path: &CStr) -> Result<(), Errno> {
         private_chdir(path.as_ptr())
     }
     path.convert_then_apply(f)
 }
 /// Calls [`chroot`] on `path` followed by a call to [`chdir`] on `"/"`.
 ///
 /// # Errors
 ///
 /// Errors iff `chroot` or `chdir` do.
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```no_run
 /// assert!(priv_sep::chroot_then_chdir(c"./").is_ok());
 /// ```
 #[inline]
 pub fn chroot_then_chdir<P: CStrHelper>(path: P) -> Result<(), Errno> {
     /// Root directory.
     const ROOT: *const c_char = c"/".as_ptr();
     chroot(path).and_then(|()| private_chdir(ROOT))
 }
 /// Error returned when dropping privileges.
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
 pub enum PrivDropErr<E> {
     /// Error when an error occurs from a libc call.
     Libc(Errno),
     /// Error when there is no entry in the user database corresponding to the passed username.
     NoPasswdEntry,
     /// Error when [`UserInfo::is_root`].
     RootEntry,
     /// Error returned from the user-provided function that is invoked before calling [`UserInfo::setresid`].
     Other(E),
 }
 impl<E: Display> Display for PrivDropErr<E> {
     #[inline]
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         match *self {
             Self::Libc(err) => write!(f, "libc error when dropping privileges: {err}"),
             Self::NoPasswdEntry => f.write_str("no passwd(5) entry to drop privileges to"),
             Self::RootEntry => f.write_str(
                 "setresuid(2) is not allowed to be called on uid 0 when dropping privileges",
             ),
             Self::Other(ref err) => write!(
                 f,
                 "error calling function before dropping privileges: {err}"
             ),
         }
     }
 }
 impl<E: CoreErr> CoreErr for PrivDropErr<E> {}
 impl<E> From<Errno> for PrivDropErr<E> {
     #[inline]
     fn from(value: Errno) -> Self {
         Self::Libc(value)
     }
 }
 /// Error returned from [`UserInfo::setresid_if_valid`].
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
 pub enum SetresidErr {
     /// Error when an error occurs from a libc call.
     Libc(Errno),
     /// Error when there is no entry in the user database corresponding to [`UserInfo::uid`].
     NoPasswdEntry,
     /// Error when the entry in the user database has a different gid than [`UserInfo::gid`].
     GidMismatch,
 }
 impl Display for SetresidErr {
     #[inline]
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         match *self {
             Self::Libc(err) => write!(f, "libc error when dropping privileges: {err}"),
             Self::NoPasswdEntry => f.write_str("no passwd(5) entry to drop privileges to"),
             Self::GidMismatch => f.write_str("gid in passwd(5) does match the expected gid"),
         }
     }
 }
 impl CoreErr for SetresidErr {}
 impl From<Errno> for SetresidErr {
     #[inline]
     fn from(value: Errno) -> Self {
         Self::Libc(value)
     }
 }
 /// Used by [`UserInfo::getpw_entry`].
 trait PwEntry {
     /// Calling code must uphold the following safety invariants:
     /// * `buf` must be a valid, initialized, non-null pointer
     /// * `size` must be the length of `buf`
     /// * `result` must be a valid, initialized non-null pointer referencing a valid and initialized pointer that
     ///   is allowed to be null.
     ///
     /// Implementors MUST only _write_ to `pwd` and never read from it (i.e., `pwd` is allowed to be unitialized).
     #[expect(
         unsafe_code,
         reason = "getpwnam_r(3) and getpwuid_r(3) take in pointers"
     )]
     unsafe fn getpw(
         self,
         pwd: *mut c::Passwd,
         buf: *mut c_char,
         size: usize,
         result: *mut *mut c::Passwd,
     ) -> c_int;
 }
 impl PwEntry for Uid {
     #[expect(unsafe_code, reason = "getpwuid_r(3) take in pointers")]
     unsafe fn getpw(
         self,
         pwd: *mut c::Passwd,
         buf: *mut c_char,
         size: usize,
         result: *mut *mut c::Passwd,
     ) -> c_int {
         // SAFETY:
         // Calling code must uphold safety invariants.
         // `pwd` is never read from.
         unsafe { c::getpwuid_r(self.0, pwd, buf, size, result) }
     }
 }
 /// `newtype` around `CStr`.
 #[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 struct CStrWrapper<'a>(&'a CStr);
 impl PwEntry for CStrWrapper<'_> {
     #[expect(unsafe_code, reason = "getpwnam_r(3) takes in pointers")]
     unsafe fn getpw(
         self,
         pwd: *mut c::Passwd,
         buf: *mut c_char,
         size: usize,
         result: *mut *mut c::Passwd,
     ) -> c_int {
         let ptr = self.0.as_ptr();
         // SAFETY:
         // Calling code must uphold safety invariants.
         // `ptr` is valid, initialized, and not null.
         // `pwd` is never read from.
         unsafe { c::getpwnam_r(ptr, pwd, buf, size, result) }
     }
 }
 /// User and group ID.
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
 pub struct UserInfo {
     /// The user ID.
     pub uid: Uid,
     /// The group ID.
     pub gid: Gid,
 }
 impl UserInfo {
     /// Returns `true` iff [`Uid::is_root`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use priv_sep::{Gid, Uid, UserInfo};
     /// assert!(UserInfo { uid: Uid::ROOT, gid: Gid(0), }.is_root());
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
     pub const fn is_root(self) -> bool {
         self.uid.is_root()
     }
     /// Helper for [`Self::new`] and [`Self::setresid_if_valid`].
     #[expect(
         unsafe_code,
         reason = "getpwnam_r(3) and getpwuid_r(3) take in pointers"
     )]
     fn getpw_entry<P: Copy + PwEntry>(u: P, buffer: &mut [c_char]) -> Result<Option<Self>, Errno> {
         let mut pwd = MaybeUninit::<c::Passwd>::uninit();
         let pwd_ptr = pwd.as_mut_ptr();
         let buf_ptr = buffer.as_mut_ptr();
         let len = buffer.len();
         let mut result = ptr::null_mut();
         let res_ptr = &mut result;
         // SAFETY:
         // `pwd_ptr` is only written to; thus the fact `pwd` is unitialized is fine.
         // `buf_ptr` is valid, initialized, and not null.
         // `len` is the length of `buf_ptr`.
         // `res_ptr` is valid, initialized, and not null.
         // `result` is valid, initialized, and allowed to be null.
         let code = unsafe { u.getpw(pwd_ptr, buf_ptr, len, res_ptr) };
         if code == SUCCESS {
             if result.is_null() {
                 Ok(None)
             } else {
                 debug_assert!(
                     result.is_aligned(),
                     "libc getpwnam_r or getpwuid_r result was not aligned. Something is terribly wrong with your system"
                 );
                 // SAFETY:
                 // Verified above that `result` is not null and aligned. Note while we only verify the pointer
                 // is aligned on non-release builds, the situation is so dire that one could argue we are
                 // already in "undefined" territory.
                 // When `result` is not null, the platform is supposed to have written to `pwd`.
                 Ok(Some(unsafe { pwd.assume_init() }.into_user_info()))
             }
         } else {
             Err(Errno::from_raw(code))
         }
     }
     /// [`getpwnam_r`](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799.2024edition/functions/getpwnam_r.html).
     ///
     /// Obtains the user database entry returning `None` iff there is no entry; otherwise returns `Self`.
     ///
     /// A 1 KiB stack-allocated buffer is used to write the database entry into. If [`Errno::ERANGE`]
     /// is returned, then the following will occur:
     ///
     /// * If [`alloc`](./index.html#alloc) is not enabled, then the error is returned.
     /// * If [`alloc`](./index.html#alloc) is enabled and a 16-bit architecture is used, then a heap-allocated buffer of 16 KiB
     ///   is used. If this errors, then the error is returned.
     /// * If [`alloc`](./index.html#alloc) is enabled and a non-16-bit architecture is used, then a heap-allocated buffer of 1 MiB
     ///   is used. If this errors, then the error is returned.
     ///
     /// # Errors
     ///
     /// Errors iff `getpwnam_r` does.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use priv_sep::UserInfo;
     /// assert!(UserInfo::new(c"root")?.map_or(false, |info| info.is_root()));
     /// # Ok::<_, priv_sep::Errno>(())
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     pub fn new<C: CStrHelper>(name: C) -> Result<Option<Self>, Errno> {
         fn f(name: &CStr) -> Result<Option<UserInfo>, Errno> {
             let wrapper = CStrWrapper(name);
             let res = UserInfo::getpw_entry(wrapper, &mut [0; 0x400]);
             #[cfg(not(feature = "alloc"))]
             let res_final = res;
             #[cfg(all(target_pointer_width = "16", feature = "alloc"))]
             let res_final = res.or_else(|e| {
                 if matches!(e, Errno::ERANGE) {
                     Self::getpw_entry(wrapper, vec![0; 0x4000].as_mut_slice())
                 } else {
                     Err(e)
                 }
             });
             #[cfg(all(not(target_pointer_width = "16"), feature = "alloc"))]
             let res_final = res.or_else(|e| {
                 if matches!(e, Errno::ERANGE) {
                     UserInfo::getpw_entry(wrapper, vec![0; 0x10_0000].as_mut_slice())
                 } else {
                     Err(e)
                 }
             });
             res_final
         }
         name.convert_then_apply(f)
     }
     /// Calls [`Gid::setresgid`] and [`Uid::setresuid`].
     ///
     /// # Errors
     ///
     /// Errors iff `Gid::setresgid` or `Uid::setresuid` error.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use priv_sep::UserInfo;
     /// if let Some(user) = UserInfo::new(c"nobody")? {
     ///     user.setresid()?;
     /// }
     /// # Ok::<_, priv_sep::Errno>(())
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     pub fn setresid(self) -> Result<(), Errno> {
         self.gid.setresgid().and_then(|()| self.uid.setresuid())
     }
     /// Same as [`Self::setresid`] except
     /// [`getpwuid_r`](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799.2024edition/functions/getpwuid_r.html)
     /// is used to first confirm the existence of [`Self::uid`] and [`Self::gid`].
     ///
     /// Note this should rarely be used since most will rely on [`Self::new`], [`Self::priv_drop`], or
     /// [`Self::chroot_then_priv_drop`].
     ///
     /// Read [`Self::new`] for more information on the buffering strategy.
     ///
     /// # Errors
     ///
     /// Errors iff `getpwuid_r` errors, [`Self::uid`] and [`Self::gid`] don't exist in the user
     /// database, [`Gid::setresgid`] errors, or [`Uid::setresuid`] errors.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use priv_sep::{Gid, Uid, UserInfo};
     /// UserInfo { uid: Uid(1000), gid: Gid(1000), }.setresid_if_valid()?;
     /// # Ok::<_, priv_sep::SetresidErr>(())
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     pub fn setresid_if_valid(self) -> Result<(), SetresidErr> {
         let res = Self::getpw_entry(self.uid, &mut [0; 0x400]);
         #[cfg(not(feature = "alloc"))]
         let res_final = res;
         #[cfg(all(target_pointer_width = "16", feature = "alloc"))]
         let res_final = res.or_else(|e| {
             if matches!(e, Errno::ERANGE) {
                 Self::getpw_entry(self.uid, vec![0; 0x4000].as_mut_slice())
             } else {
                 Err(e)
             }
         });
         #[cfg(all(not(target_pointer_width = "16"), feature = "alloc"))]
         let res_final = res.or_else(|e| {
             if matches!(e, Errno::ERANGE) {
                 Self::getpw_entry(self.uid, vec![0; 0x10_0000].as_mut_slice())
             } else {
                 Err(e)
             }
         });
         res_final.map_err(SetresidErr::Libc).and_then(|opt| {
             opt.ok_or(SetresidErr::NoPasswdEntry).and_then(|info| {
                 if info.gid == self.gid {
                     self.setresid().map_err(SetresidErr::Libc)
                 } else {
                     Err(SetresidErr::GidMismatch)
                 }
             })
         })
     }
     /// Helper to unify targets that don't support `setgroups(2)`.
     ///
     /// No-op.
     #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
     #[expect(
         clippy::unnecessary_wraps,
         reason = "unify with platforms that support `setgroups`"
     )]
     const fn drop_sup_groups<Never>() -> Result<(), Never> {
         Ok(())
     }
     /// Helper to unify targets that don't support `setgroups(2)`.
     #[cfg(any(
         target_os = "dragonfly",
         target_os = "freebsd",
         target_os = "linux",
         target_os = "netbsd",
         target_os = "openbsd"
     ))]
     fn drop_sup_groups() -> Result<(), Errno> {
         drop_supplementary_groups()
     }
     /// Calls [`Self::new`], invokes `f`, calls [`drop_supplementary_groups`] (if the platform supports
     /// `setgroups(2)`), then calls [`Self::setresid`].
     ///
     /// Dropping privileges is necessary when needing to perform certain actions as root before no longer needing
     /// such abilities; at which point, one calls
     /// [`setgroups(2)`](https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/setgroups.2.html),
     /// [`setresgid`](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799.2024edition/functions/setresgid.html), and
     /// [`setresuid`](https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799.2024edition/functions/setresuid.html)
     /// using a lesser privileged gid and uid.
     ///
     /// # Errors
     ///
     /// Errors iff [`Self::new`], `f`, [`drop_supplementary_groups`], or [`Self::setresid`] do or there is no entry in the user database
     /// corresponding to `name` or the entry has uid 0.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use core::net::{Ipv6Addr, SocketAddrV6};
     /// # use priv_sep::{PrivDropErr, UserInfo};
     /// # use std::{io::Error, net::TcpListener};
     /// let listener = UserInfo::priv_drop(c"nobody", || {
     ///     TcpListener::bind(SocketAddrV6::new(Ipv6Addr::LOCALHOST, 443, 0, 0))
     /// })?;
     /// # Ok::<_, PrivDropErr<Error>>(())
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     pub fn priv_drop<C: CStrHelper, T, E, F: FnOnce() -> Result<T, E>>(
         name: C,
         f: F,
     ) -> Result<T, PrivDropErr<E>> {
         Self::new(name).map_err(PrivDropErr::Libc).and_then(|opt| {
             opt.ok_or_else(|| PrivDropErr::NoPasswdEntry)
                 .and_then(|info| {
                     if info.is_root() {
                         Err(PrivDropErr::RootEntry)
                     } else {
                         f().map_err(PrivDropErr::Other).and_then(|res| {
                             Self::drop_sup_groups()
                                 .and_then(|()| info.setresid().map(|()| res))
                                 .map_err(PrivDropErr::Libc)
                         })
                     }
                 })
         })
     }
     /// Same as [`Self::priv_drop`] except `f` is `async`.
     ///
     /// # Errors
     ///
     /// Read [`Self::priv_drop`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use core::net::{Ipv6Addr, SocketAddrV6};
     /// # use priv_sep::UserInfo;
     /// # use tokio::net::TcpListener;
     /// let listener_fut = UserInfo::priv_drop_async(c"nobody", async || {
     ///     TcpListener::bind(SocketAddrV6::new(Ipv6Addr::LOCALHOST, 443, 0, 0)).await
     /// });
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     pub async fn priv_drop_async<C: CStrHelper, T, E, F: AsyncFnOnce() -> Result<T, E>>(
         name: C,
         f: F,
     ) -> Result<T, PrivDropErr<E>> {
         match Self::new(name) {
             Ok(opt) => match opt {
                 None => Err(PrivDropErr::NoPasswdEntry),
                 Some(info) => {
                     if info.is_root() {
                         Err(PrivDropErr::RootEntry)
                     } else {
                         f().await.map_err(PrivDropErr::Other).and_then(|res| {
                             Self::drop_sup_groups()
                                 .and_then(|()| info.setresid().map(|()| res))
                                 .map_err(PrivDropErr::Libc)
                         })
                     }
                 }
             },
             Err(err) => Err(PrivDropErr::Libc(err)),
         }
     }
     /// Same as [`Self::priv_drop`] except [`chroot_then_chdir`] is called before or after invoking `f` based on
     /// `chroot_after_f`.
     ///
     /// # Errors
     ///
     /// Errors iff [`Self::priv_drop`] or [`chroot_then_chdir`] do.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use core::net::{Ipv6Addr, SocketAddrV6};
     /// # use priv_sep::{PrivDropErr, UserInfo};
     /// # use std::{io::Error, net::TcpListener};
     /// let listener = UserInfo::chroot_then_priv_drop(c"nobody", c"./", false, || {
     ///     TcpListener::bind(SocketAddrV6::new(Ipv6Addr::LOCALHOST, 443, 0, 0))
     /// })?;
     /// # Ok::<_, PrivDropErr<Error>>(())
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     pub fn chroot_then_priv_drop<
         N: CStrHelper,
         P: CStrHelper,
         T,
         E,
         F: FnOnce() -> Result<T, E>,
     >(
         name: N,
         path: P,
         chroot_after_f: bool,
         f: F,
     ) -> Result<T, PrivDropErr<E>> {
         Self::new(name).map_err(PrivDropErr::Libc).and_then(|opt| {
             opt.ok_or_else(|| PrivDropErr::NoPasswdEntry)
                 .and_then(|info| {
                     if info.is_root() {
                         Err(PrivDropErr::RootEntry)
                     } else if chroot_after_f {
                         f().map_err(PrivDropErr::Other).and_then(|res| {
                             chroot_then_chdir(path)
                                 .map_err(PrivDropErr::Libc)
                                 .map(|()| res)
                         })
                     } else {
                         chroot_then_chdir(path)
                             .map_err(PrivDropErr::Libc)
                             .and_then(|()| f().map_err(PrivDropErr::Other))
                     }
                     .and_then(|res| {
                         Self::drop_sup_groups()
                             .and_then(|()| info.setresid().map(|()| res))
                             .map_err(PrivDropErr::Libc)
                     })
                 })
         })
     }
     /// Same as [`Self::chroot_then_priv_drop`] except `f` is `async`.
     ///
     /// # Errors
     ///
     /// Read [`Self::chroot_then_priv_drop`].
     ///
     /// # Examples
     ///
     /// ```no_run
     /// # use core::net::{Ipv6Addr, SocketAddrV6};
     /// # use priv_sep::UserInfo;
     /// # use tokio::net::TcpListener;
     /// let listener_fut = UserInfo::chroot_then_priv_drop_async(c"nobody", c"./", false, async || {
     ///     TcpListener::bind(SocketAddrV6::new(Ipv6Addr::LOCALHOST, 443, 0, 0)).await
     /// });
     /// ```
     #[inline]
     pub async fn chroot_then_priv_drop_async<
         N: CStrHelper,
         P: CStrHelper,
         T,
         E,
         F: AsyncFnOnce() -> Result<T, E>,
     >(
         name: N,
         path: P,
         chroot_after_f: bool,
         f: F,
     ) -> Result<T, PrivDropErr<E>> {
         match Self::new(name) {
             Ok(opt) => match opt {
                 None => Err(PrivDropErr::NoPasswdEntry),
                 Some(info) => if info.is_root() {
                     Err(PrivDropErr::RootEntry)
                 } else if chroot_after_f {
                     f().await.map_err(PrivDropErr::Other).and_then(|res| {
                         chroot_then_chdir(path)
                             .map_err(PrivDropErr::Libc)
                             .map(|()| res)
                     })
                 } else {
                     match chroot_then_chdir(path) {
                         Ok(()) => f().await.map_err(PrivDropErr::Other),
                         Err(err) => Err(PrivDropErr::Libc(err)),
                     }
                 }
                 .and_then(|res| {
                     Self::drop_sup_groups()
                         .and_then(|()| info.setresid().map(|()| res))
                         .map_err(PrivDropErr::Libc)
                 }),
             },
             Err(err) => Err(PrivDropErr::Libc(err)),
         }
     }
 }
 impl PartialEq<&Self> for UserInfo {
     #[inline]
     fn eq(&self, other: &&Self) -> bool {
         *self == **other
     }
 }
 impl PartialEq<UserInfo> for &UserInfo {
     #[inline]
     fn eq(&self, other: &UserInfo) -> bool {
         **self == *other
     }
 }
 /// [`setgroups(2)`](https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/setgroups.2.html).
 ///
 /// # Errors
 ///
 /// Errors iff `setgroups` does.
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```no_run
 /// assert!(priv_sep::setgroups(&[]).is_ok());
 /// ```
 #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(not(target_os = "macos"))))]
 #[cfg(any(doc, not(target_os = "macos")))]
 #[expect(unsafe_code, reason = "setgroups(2) takes a pointer")]
 #[inline]
 pub fn setgroups(groups: &[Gid]) -> Result<(), Errno> {
     #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
     let size = groups.len();
     #[cfg(any(
         target_os = "dragonfly",
         target_os = "freebsd",
         target_os = "netbsd",
         target_os = "openbsd"
     ))]
     let size = c_int::try_from(groups.len()).map_err(|_e| Errno::EINVAL)?;
     let gids = groups.as_ptr().cast();
     // SAFETY:
     // `size` is the length of `gids`, and `gids` is a valid, non-null, aligned pointer to
     // `u32`s. Note that `Gid` is a `newtype` around `u32` with `repr(transparent)`; thus the above
     // pointer cast is fine.
     let code = unsafe { c::setgroups(size, gids) };
     if code == SUCCESS {
         Ok(())
     } else {
         Err(Errno::last())
     }
 }
 /// [`setgroups(2)`](https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man2/setgroups.2.html) passing in
 /// 0 and a null pointer.
 ///
 /// If successful, this drops all supplementary groups.
 ///
 /// # Errors
 ///
 /// Errors iff `setgroups` does.
 ///
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```no_run
 /// assert!(priv_sep::drop_supplementary_groups().is_ok());
 /// ```
 #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(not(target_os = "macos"))))]
 #[cfg(any(doc, not(target_os = "macos")))]
 #[expect(unsafe_code, reason = "setgroups(2) takes a pointer")]
 #[inline]
 pub fn drop_supplementary_groups() -> Result<(), Errno> {
     #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
     let size: usize = 0;
     #[cfg(any(
         target_os = "dragonfly",
         target_os = "freebsd",
         target_os = "netbsd",
         target_os = "openbsd"
     ))]
     let size: c_int = 0;
     let gids = ptr::null();
     // SAFETY:
     // Passing in 0 and a null pointer is valid and causes all supplementary groups to be dropped.
     let code = unsafe { c::setgroups(size, gids) };
     if code == SUCCESS {
         Ok(())
     } else {
         Err(Errno::last())
     }
 }
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     #[cfg(feature = "std")]
     use super::PrivDropErr;
     use super::{Errno, Gid, SetresidErr, Uid, UserInfo};
     #[cfg(all(feature = "std", target_os = "openbsd"))]
     use super::{Permissions, Promise, Promises};
     #[cfg(feature = "std")]
     use core::net::{Ipv6Addr, SocketAddrV6};
     #[cfg(all(feature = "std", target_os = "openbsd"))]
     extern crate alloc;
     #[cfg(all(feature = "std", target_os = "openbsd"))]
     use alloc::format;
     #[cfg(all(feature = "std", target_os = "openbsd"))]
     use std::io::{self, Write as _};
     #[cfg(feature = "std")]
     use std::{
         fs,
         io::{Error, ErrorKind},
         net::TcpListener,
     };
     use tokio as _;
     #[cfg(feature = "std")]
     const README: &str = "README.md";
     #[test]
     fn getuid() {
         _ = Uid::getuid();
     }
     #[test]
     fn geteuid() {
         _ = Uid::geteuid();
     }
     #[test]
     fn getgid() {
         _ = Gid::getgid();
     }
     #[test]
     fn getegid() {
         _ = Gid::getegid();
     }
     #[test]
     fn setresuid() -> Result<(), Errno> {
         Uid::geteuid().setresuid()
     }
     #[test]
     fn setresgid() -> Result<(), Errno> {
         Gid::getegid().setresgid()
     }
     #[test]
     fn user_info_new() {
         assert_eq!(
             UserInfo::new(c"root"),
             Ok(Some(UserInfo {
                 uid: Uid::ROOT,
                 gid: Gid(0),
             }))
         );
     }
     #[test]
     fn user_info_setresid() -> Result<(), Errno> {
         UserInfo {
             uid: Uid::geteuid(),
             gid: Gid::getegid(),
         }
         .setresid()
     }
     #[test]
     fn user_info_setresid_if_valid() -> Result<(), SetresidErr> {
         UserInfo {
             uid: Uid::geteuid(),
             gid: Gid::getegid(),
         }
         .setresid_if_valid()
     }
     #[test]
     fn user_info_setresid_if_valid_failure() {
         assert_eq!(
             UserInfo {
                 uid: Uid::geteuid(),
                 gid: Gid(u32::MAX),
             }
             .setresid_if_valid(),
             Err(SetresidErr::GidMismatch)
         );
     }
     #[cfg(feature = "std")]
     #[test]
     #[ignore = "primarily useful for root and interferes with chroot_drop_priv"]
     fn priv_drop() {
         if Uid::geteuid().is_root() {
             assert!(
                 UserInfo::priv_drop(c"nobody", || {
                     TcpListener::bind(SocketAddrV6::new(Ipv6Addr::LOCALHOST, 443, 0, 0))
                 })
                 .is_ok_and(|_| true)
             );
             assert!(
                 TcpListener::bind(SocketAddrV6::new(Ipv6Addr::LOCALHOST, 80, 0, 0)).map_or_else(
                     |e| matches!(e.kind(), ErrorKind::PermissionDenied),
                     |_| false
                 )
             );
         } else {
             assert!(
                 UserInfo::priv_drop(c"root", || Ok::<_, Error>(()))
                     .map_or_else(|e| matches!(e, PrivDropErr::RootEntry), |()| false)
             );
         }
     }
     #[cfg(feature = "std")]
     #[test]
     #[ignore = "primarily useful for root and interferes with priv_drop"]
     fn chroot_drop_priv() {
         if Uid::geteuid().is_root() {
             assert!(
                 UserInfo::chroot_then_priv_drop(c"nobody", c"./", false, || {
                     TcpListener::bind(SocketAddrV6::new(Ipv6Addr::LOCALHOST, 987, 0, 0))
                 })
                 .is_ok_and(|_| {
                     fs::exists(README).is_ok_and(|exists| {
                         exists
                             && TcpListener::bind(SocketAddrV6::new(Ipv6Addr::LOCALHOST, 82, 0, 0))
                                 .map_or_else(
                                     |e| matches!(e.kind(), ErrorKind::PermissionDenied),
                                     |_| false,
                                 )
                     })
                 })
             );
         }
     }
     #[expect(
         clippy::panic,
         reason = "reasonable to expect files to not exist that need to in order to test pledge and unveil"
     )]
     #[expect(
         clippy::expect_used,
         reason = "kinda reasonable to expect files to exist that mustn't in order to test pledge and unveil"
     )]
     #[cfg(all(feature = "std", target_os = "openbsd"))]
     #[test]
     #[ignore = "interferes with other tests"]
     fn unveil_pledge() {
         const FILE_EXISTS: &str = "/home/zack/foo.txt";
         const FILE_NOT_EXISTS: &str = "/home/zack/aadkjfasj3s23";
         const DIR_NOT_EXISTS: &str = "/home/zack/aadkjfasj3s23/";
         _ = fs::metadata(FILE_EXISTS).unwrap_or_else(|_e| {
             panic!("{FILE_EXISTS} does not exist, so unit testing cannot occur")
         });
         drop(fs::metadata(FILE_NOT_EXISTS).expect_err(
             format!("{FILE_NOT_EXISTS} exists, so unit testing cannot occur").as_str(),
         ));
         drop(
             fs::metadata(DIR_NOT_EXISTS).expect_err(
                 format!("{DIR_NOT_EXISTS} exists, so unit testing cannot occur").as_str(),
             ),
         );
         // This tests that a NULL `promise` does nothing.
         assert_eq!(Promises::pledge_none(), Ok(()));
         assert!(writeln!(io::stdout()).is_ok_and(|()| true));
         assert_eq!(Promises::ALL.pledge(), Ok(()));
         // This tests that duplicates are ignored as well as the implementation of PartialEq.
         let mut initial_promises = Promises::new([
             Promise::Stdio,
             Promise::Unveil,
             Promise::Rpath,
             Promise::Stdio,
         ]);
         assert_eq!(initial_promises.len(), 3);
         assert_eq!(
             initial_promises,
             Promises::new([Promise::Rpath, Promise::Stdio, Promise::Unveil])
         );
         // Test retain.
         let mut vals = Promises::new([
             Promise::Audio,
             Promise::Bpf,
             Promise::Chown,
             Promise::Cpath,
             Promise::Error,
             Promise::Exec,
         ]);
         vals.retain([Promise::Error, Promise::Chown]);
         assert_eq!(vals.len(), 2);
         assert!(vals.contains(Promise::Chown));
         assert!(vals.contains(Promise::Error));
         assert_eq!(initial_promises.pledge(), Ok(()));
         // This tests unveil with no permissions.
         assert_eq!(Permissions::NONE.unveil(FILE_EXISTS), Ok(()));
         assert!(fs::metadata(FILE_EXISTS).map_or_else(
             |e| matches!(e.kind(), ErrorKind::PermissionDenied),
             |_| false
         ));
         // This tests unveil with read permissions,
         // and one can unveil more permissions (unlike pledge which can only remove promises).
         assert_eq!(Permissions::READ.unveil(FILE_EXISTS), Ok(()));
         assert!(fs::metadata(FILE_EXISTS).is_ok_and(|_| true));
         // This tests that calls to unveil on missing files don't error.
         assert_eq!(Permissions::NONE.unveil(FILE_NOT_EXISTS), Ok(()));
         // This tests that calls to unveil on missing directories error.
         assert_eq!(Permissions::NONE.unveil(DIR_NOT_EXISTS), Err(Errno::ENOENT));
         // This tests that unveil can no longer be called.
         assert_eq!(Permissions::unveil_no_more(), Ok(()));
         assert_eq!(Permissions::NONE.unveil(FILE_EXISTS), Err(Errno::EPERM));
         assert!(fs::metadata(FILE_EXISTS).is_ok_and(|_| true));
         // The below tests that Promises can only be removed and not added.
         initial_promises.remove_promises([Promise::Unveil]);
         assert_eq!(initial_promises.len(), 2);
         initial_promises.remove(Promise::Rpath);
         assert_eq!(initial_promises.len(), 1);
         initial_promises.remove(Promise::Rpath);
         assert_eq!(initial_promises.len(), 1);
         assert_eq!(initial_promises.pledge(), Ok(()));
         assert!(writeln!(io::stdout()).is_ok_and(|()| true));
         assert_eq!(Promises::new([Promise::Rpath]).pledge(), Err(Errno::EPERM));
         // If the below is uncommented, the program should crash since the above
         // call to pledge no longer allows access to the file system.
         // drop(fs::metadata(FILE_EXISTS));
     }
     #[cfg(all(feature = "std", target_os = "openbsd"))]
     #[test]
     #[ignore = "interferes with other tests when root"]
     fn pledge_inet_drop_priv() {
         if Uid::geteuid().is_root() {
             assert!(
                 Promises::new_priv_drop(
                     c"nobody",
                     [Promise::Inet, Promise::Rpath, Promise::Unveil],
                     false,
                     || TcpListener::bind(SocketAddrV6::new(Ipv6Addr::LOCALHOST, 47, 0, 0)),
                 )
                 .is_ok_and(|(_, _)| {
                     Permissions::unveil_raw(README, c"r").is_ok_and(|()| {
                         fs::exists(README).is_ok_and(|exists| {
                             Permissions::NONE.unveil(README).is_ok_and(|()| {
                                 Promises::pledge_raw(c"inet stdio").is_ok_and(|()| {
                                     exists
                                         && TcpListener::bind(SocketAddrV6::new(
                                             Ipv6Addr::LOCALHOST,
                                             792,
                                             0,
                                             0,
                                         ))
                                         .map_or_else(
                                             |e| matches!(e.kind(), ErrorKind::PermissionDenied),
                                             |_| false,
                                         )
                                 })
                             })
                         })
                     })
                 })
             );
         }
     }
     #[cfg(all(feature = "std", target_os = "openbsd"))]
     #[test]
     #[ignore = "interferes with other tests when root"]
     fn inet_chroot_priv_pledge() {
         if Uid::geteuid().is_root() {
             assert!(
                 Promises::new_chroot_then_priv_drop(
                     c"nobody",
                     c"./",
                     [Promise::Inet, Promise::Rpath, Promise::Unveil],
                     false,
                     || TcpListener::bind(SocketAddrV6::new(Ipv6Addr::LOCALHOST, 382, 0, 0))
                 )
                 .is_ok_and(|(_, mut promises)| Permissions::READ
                     .unveil(README)
                     .is_ok_and(|()| fs::exists(README).is_ok_and(|exists| Permissions::NONE
                         .unveil(README)
                         .is_ok_and(|()| promises
                             .remove_promises_then_pledge([Promise::Rpath, Promise::Unveil])
                             .is_ok_and(|()| exists
                                 && TcpListener::bind(SocketAddrV6::new(
                                     Ipv6Addr::LOCALHOST,
                                     588,
                                     0,
                                     0
                                 ))
                                 .map_or_else(
                                     |e| matches!(e.kind(), ErrorKind::PermissionDenied),
                                     |_| false
                                 ))))))
             );
         }
     }
 }